钨是工业制造和国防科技中不可替代的基础材料和战略资源。中国是世界最大的钨生产和出口国，然而其在全球钨供应链和价值链中的地位、收益及贡献尚未明晰。通过核算1992—2018年中国钨的进出口数量和金额，发现中国在全球钨供应链中扮演了“钨加工厂”的角色，但在全球钨价值链中仍处于从属地位，面临“低值锁定、高端依赖”的风险。具体表现为：（1）在物质流视角下，中国是钨的净出口国且净出口规模不断扩大，贸易结构呈现“两头进，中间出”的特征；（2）在价值流视角下，中国钨的贸易规模与顺差均呈现显著增长的趋势，贸易单价则呈现“进口高，出口低”的特征；（3）综合物质和价值双重视角，中国钨贸易在总量和结构上均存在不对称性，即净出口量大但贸易顺差小、资源输出以钨中间产品为主但贸易创汇以钨金属制品为主。建议采取如下措施提升中国在全球钨价值链中的地位：（1）鼓励进口钨精矿和钨废料等原材料，增强中国对钨原材料的保障能力；（2）上调钨中间产品和低端钨金属制品的出口关税，鼓励钨加工企业向深加工延伸；（3）支持钨金属制品生产企业的技术创新升级，提高中国钨出口产品的国际竞争力。
The tungsten is an important strategic mineral in the industrial manufacturing and the modern national defense. As the largest producer and exporter of the tungsten, China supplies the tungsten-containing products in various forms. However, China's contribution, benefits, and position in the global tungsten value chain have not been well explored. Based on the data of the import and the export of China's tungsten from 1992 to 2018, and on the perspective of the value flow and the material flow, this paper analyzes the global tungsten supply and value chains, and it is shown that China plays the role of the "global tungsten processing giant" in the supply chain, but still in a subordinate position in the value chain, with the risk of "locked in the low value-added stage" and "highly dependent in the high value-added stage". Several specific features are as follows:(1) From the perspective of the material flow, China is a net-exporter of the tungsten, with the scale of the net-export continuously expanding, exporting mostly the tungsten semi-products and importing mostly the primary and metal tungsten products. (2) From the perspective of the value flow, the trade value and the surplus of China's tungsten show a significant growth trend, while the unit price in the imports is much higher than that in the exports. (3) By combining the perspectives of the material and value flows, the total volume and the structure of China's tungsten trade show asymmetric characteristics. Based on this analysis, to promote its competitiveness in the global tungsten value chain, China has to:(1) encourage the import of the tungsten raw materials such as the tungsten concentrate and the tungsten waste to enhance the tungsten material security; (2) increase the export tariff of the tungsten semi-products and the low-end tungsten metal products to encourage the enterprises to focus on the deep processing; (3) support the enterprises of the tungsten metal products to improve the competitiveness of the export products.
[1] Anderw M G.Tungsten:The story of an indispensable metal[R/OL].[2021-05-31].www.tungsten.com.
[2] 祝修盛.国内钨消费与供应[J].中国金属通报, 2009(47):28-31.
[3] Helbig C, Wietschel L, Thorenz A, et al.How to evaluate raw material vulnerability:An overview[J].Resources Policy, 2016, 48:13-24.
[4] Eman, M, Zayed, et al.Report on critical raw materials and the circular economy[R].Brussel:European Commision, 2018.
[5] NSTC.Assessment of critical minerals:Updated application of screening methodology[R/OL].[2021-05-31].http://www.whitehouse.gov/ostp
[6] 刘良先,余泽全.2012年中国钨品进出口分析[J].中国钨业, 2013, 28(1):8-13.
[7] 刘良先,余泽全.2014年上半年中国钨品进出口分析[J].中国钨业, 2014, 29(4):1-5.
[8] 刘良先,余泽全.2015年上半年中国钨品进出口分析[J].中国钨业, 2015, 30(4):1-4.
[9] 余泽全,刘良先.2016年中国钨品进出口分析[J].中国钨业, 2017, 32(1):1-4.
[10] 祝修盛.钨:稀而不贵[J].中国金属通报, 2010(32):16-22.
[11] 杨召会.钨——出口关税刺激钨价格上涨[J].中国金属通报, 2008(6):21-24.
[12] 祝修盛.取消钨品出口配额和出口关税后的我国钨品出口形势[J].中国金属通报, 2015(8):24-25.
[13] 中国钨业协会.中国钨工业年鉴[R].北京:中国钨业协会, 2010.
[14] USGS.Historical statistics for mineral and material commodities in the United States[R/OL].[2021-05-31].https://www.usgs.gov/centers/national-minerals-information-center/historical-statistics-mineral-and-materialcommodities.
[15] CITIC.Tungsten industry in-depth research report[R].Beijing:CITIC Group, 2018.
[16] 吴轩.减产保价叠加泛亚落地,钨价反弹一触即发——钨行业深度报告[R/OL].[2021-05-31].https://wk.askci.com/details/c7f9ca2599d24bf1ba53424a5c5dca4a/.
[17] Leal-Ayala D R, Allwood J M, Petavratzi E, et al.Mapping the global flow of tungsten to identify key material efficiency and supply security opportunities[J].Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 2015, 103:19-28.
[18] Harper E M, Graedel T E.Illuminating tungsten's life cycle in the United States:1975-2000[J].Environmental Science and Technology, 2008, 42(10):3835-3842.
[19] Harper E M.A product-level approach to historical material flow analysis:Tungsten as a case study[J].Journal of Industrial Ecology, 2008, 12(5/6):768-784.
[20] Nations U.UN Comtrade[EB/OL].(2014-11-10)[2022-01-30].https://comtrade.un.org/.
[21] Javorsek M.Asymmetries in international merchandise trade statistics:A case study of selected countries in Asia and the Pacific[R].Bangkok:Associate Statistician, & Division, 2016.
[22] Dittrich M, Bringezu S, Schütz H.The physical dimension of international trade, part 2:Indirect global resource flows between 1962 and 2005[J].Ecological Economics, 2012, 79:32-43.
[23] 李洪桂,羊建高,李昆.钨冶金学[M].长沙:中南大学出版社, 2010.
[24] 周新华,王力民,彭英健.我国硬质合金再生产业现状与发展[J].硬质合金, 2016, 33(5):357-364.
