以国家创新体系理论为研究背景，在充分采集行业主管部门公开数据基础上，运用抽样调查和典型调查方法，测算出截至2020年底中国科技工作者总量为5835.78万人，人才规模庞大，但人才强度仍有较大提升空间。结果发现：青年已经成为中国科技工作者的主体，但其创新创造活力正面临诸多制约；本科以上学历者已经成为中国科技工作者主体，但战略科学家与一流创新人才依然匮乏；中国科技工作者的专业结构与经济社会高质量发展的适配度有待提高，保持学历教育与职业教育的合理结构是紧迫任务；中国科技工作者的身份认同感和职业辨识度还不高，弘扬科学家精神，增强职业荣誉感使命感还需持续发力。

This study fully collects public data from industry authorities, uses sampling surveys and typical survey methods, and concludes that the total number of scientific and technological workers in China by the end of 2020 is 58.3578 million. Large as the scale is, there is still considerable room for improvement in talent intensity. The study argues that young people have become the main body of scientific and technological workers in China but their innovative and creative vitality is facing many constraints. Those with bachelor's degree or above have become the main body of the workers in China but strategic scientists and first-class innovative talents are lacking. The professional structure of Chinese workers adapting to the high-quality development of economy and society needs to be improved. Maintaining a reasonable structure of academic and vocational education is an urgent task. The sense of identity and professional recognition of scientific and technological workers in China is still insufficient and it is necessary to continue to exert efforts to promote the spirit of scientists and enhance the sense of professional honor and mission.