In a world of increased economic and cultural exchanges, the emerging infectious diseases (EIDs) are characterized by the global spread, with a significant impact on the world economy and the public health. The international science and technology collaboration on preventing the infectious diseases, and dealing with the challenge of the global public health emergency, is an urgent task. The mechanism of the international science and technology collaboration (ISTC) plays an important role in the prevention and the control of the EIDs. Based on the studies of the recent outbreak of the newest EID, the novel coronavirus pneumonia, the roles of the ISTC during the EIDs prevention and control are analyzed in this paper. It is shown that the EID prevention and control involves several aspects of the ISTC, including the timely exchange of the latest epidemic information, the quick-response joint research, the sharing of antiviral drugs and medical technology, the personnel training and the construction and the improvement of the EID prevention and control system. Finally, this paper puts forward a few policy recommendations with respect to the EID prevention and control from the perspective of the global governance and the ISTC.

The rapid development of dyestuff industry increases the emissions of the dye wastewater, gradually aggravating the pollution in the environment and posing a great threat to the human health. So it is important to develop effective methods to clean the dye wastewater. Various new materials and new processes are involved in physical methods (the activated carbon adsorption method, the membrane separation technology, and the magnetic separation technology), chemical methods (the electrochemical process, the chemical oxidation process) and biological methods (the dye wastewater treatment by fungi, the dye wastewater treatment by bacteria), as reviewed in this paper, focusing on the physical methods and the chemical methods. The main problems in the process of the dye wastewater treatment and the development trend are put forward.

With the rapid development of the economic construction, the original conventional engineering consulting methods concerning the divisions of functions and business are found inadequate. First, this paper analyzes the development status of the engineering construction management with the FIDIC clause system and from the development trends, and proposes a comprehensive engineering integration consulting theory based on the system science and the comprehensive/integration theory, and discusses the compositions of the comprehensive consulting on engineering projects based on the comprehensive engineering integration consulting theory, from 9 dimensions. This paper provides ideas, theories and methods for the comprehensive consulting of engineering projects.

Soft robot is a new kind of robot with various freedom of movement and good environmental adaptability. However, low stiffness of the soft robot limits its practical carrying capacity. Therefore, it is meaningful to develop variable stiffness technology for soft robot. This paper summarizes the new variable stiffness technology in recent 5 years, introduces and analyzes its working principles including electrostatic adsorption principle, layer interference principle, self-locking origami mechanism, electrical/magnetorheological principle and minimum potential energy principle, variable stiffness performance and practical application. This paper also discusses the challenges for the current variable stiffness technology and the future development direction, and summarizes the potential research value of the new generation of variable stiffness technology.

In the past 30 years, significant progress has been made in the field of civil engineering and infrastructure construction in China, greatly supporting the continuous development of the economy. While China's economy steps into the "new normal" phase, the development of civil engineering shows some new features and the developments of fundamental theories and advanced technologies attract more and more attention. Nonlinear analysis of structures, one of the essential problems in civil engineering, has been concerned by more and more researchers and engineers. For constitutive modeling of engineering materials, the damage model plays an important role where structural damage and failure are considered. In this paper, the historical development of damage model for quasi-brittle materials is briefly reviewed. Then V&V of the damage model is described and its applications to civil engineering are presented by case studies. Finally, an application of the theory to bio-engineering is shown with a case. In the near future, the transformation and upgrading of traditional civil engineering will be promoted by the coupling between its fundamental research and engineering application.

Secondary organic aerosol (SOA) is one of the most important components of PM_2.5. It significantly influences air quality, radiation balance and human health. Thus, studying the formation and control of SOA has a significant meaning in revealing the cause of particulate pollution and improving eco-environment. However, there are still many challenges in the field of SOA study because of the complexity of organic compounds, reactions and atmospheric conditions. The purpose of the paper is to summarize the progress of SOA research based on investigating the literature published on the top international academic journals in the field of environment and atmospheric chemistry in 2019. The molecular characteristics and sources of SOA are delved into with a variety of novel or modified methods and instruments in both field studies and laboratory simulations. The formation process and major influence factors of SOA from some natural and anthropogenic precursors are investigated. Atmospheric aqueous chemistry and the interaction between organic and inorganic compounds are found playing an important role in the formation and aging of SOA. In addition, the contribution of SOA to the change of aerosol optical property and the impact of aerosol on human health are estimated. In conclusion, it is necessary to pay attention to the further research of SOA so as to take effective actions to control particulate pollution.

The microbial pollution in water environment would induce intestinal and respiratory diseases, threatening human's health. More and more attention had been paid to the pollution situation and detection methods of microorganisms in water environment. Based on the categories of water environment microorganisms, this study briefly introduced the characteristics and infection risk of pathogens. The indicative microorganisms in Chinese water quality standards were summarized and compared to that in USA and EU. The main factors affecting the microbial pollution in water environments were made clear based on the sources of microbial pollution. The detection methods of water environment microorganisms and their application status were reviewed. In brief, all the seven watersheds are contaminated by microorganisms. It would positively improve the prevention and control work of microbial pollution by improving the indicative microorganisms in relative water quality standards, controlling the sources of microbial pollution, and enhancing the detectability of microbial pollution.

In recent years, the advances in the new generation genomic sequencing and bioinformatics technologies have pushed forward the development of the human microbiome research. The relationships between the human microbiome and the whole life cycle health, the occurrence and the development of diseases and the function of the nutrition or the medicine have been further explored, which brings changes in the health and medical concepts. Based on a comprehensive analysis of the global human microbiome development trends, it is found that the human microbiome reference sequence analysis is still in progress, and its emphasis has shifted from the census of the composition and the distribution of the human microbiome to the analysis of the composition of the microbiome of specific populations. The analysis of the causal mechanism gradually becomes the focus of the research, meanwhile the health interventions based on the reconstruction of the human microbiome have ushered in new insights. A large number of basic researches were carried out in China on the human microbiome, and great achievements were made in specific applications, such as the fecal bacteria transplantation. However, some problems remain to be solved, such as the lack of long-term tracking and analysis of large-scale population samples, the lack of systematic research work, the insufficient independent innovation capabilities of the high-value reconstruction products, as well as some regulatory loopholes in the product development. On this basis, some feasible policy recommendations are put forward for the future development of the human microbiome in China.

In recent years, the hyperspectral imaging technology sees a rapid development and is widely applied in the military field, with great opportunities for military reconnaissance and unprecedented challenges for military camouflage. This paper analyzes a specular like detection technology for disguising the threat of the stealth technology and the difficulties in the traditional hyperspectral camouflage materials and technology. The researches of the hyperspectral camouflage materials and technologies for simulating the vegetation background are reviewed, focusing on four material systems:The plant camouflage technology, the biomimetic camouflage based on inorganic pigments, the biomimetic camouflage based on the chlorophyll and the "ecological camouflage" based on living organisms. The shortcomings of the existing hyperspectral camouflage materials and techniques in the biomimetic camouflage technology are analyzed. It is shown that the bionic materials cannot accurately simulate the characteristic absorption peak of the green vegetation, the stability and the durability of the biomimetic materials are poor, and the overall thickness of the materials is large, which is difficult to realize in the practical large-scale application. On this basis, a camouflage strategy is put forward to use the "ecological camouflage" based on living organisms. It is proposed that the future development direction and the trend of the hyperspectral camouflage materials and technology are to improve the "bionic camouflage" technology and optimize the "ecological camouflage" technology.

According to the problem that the actual position of an industrial robot has deviation from its theoretical position in aviation manufacturing industry, the source of absolute positioning error of industrial robot is explored and its influence on the connection performance of aircraft components is analyzed. Based on the principle of absolute positioning error compensation of industrial robot, the role and importance of kinematic modeling, pose measurement, kinematic parameter error identification and error compensation on absolute positioning error compensation of industrial robot are described. The mainstream algorithms and techniques developed by domestic and foreign scholars in this field are compared, and problems and possible solutions existing in each step are summarized. After discussions on shortcomings of industrial robot offline and online error compensation technologies, a development trend of industrial robot absolute positioning error compensation technology is presented.

Nearly zero energy consumption building aims to achieve zero energy consumption and has become an effective way and a main goal of building energy conservation and emission reduction. By tracing the origin and development process of nearly zero energy consumption buildings, this article discusses the similarities and differences of similar concepts and the basic ideas towards nearly zero energy consumption buildings. In view of the classification of overall strategies of nearly zero energy consumption buildings in the current research situation, this paper also discusses the division method of overall strategies for low energy consumption and high production capacity, which is convenient for balance measurement. Based on the overall strategy, a technical framework of nearly zero energy consumption building is constructed, and the main technical measures, characteristics and development trend are described.

Ursolic acid (UA) is a kind of pentacyclic triterpene acid compound found in a variety of plants, such as bearberries, privet leaves, and loquat leaves. In addition to the pharmacological effects of anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, anti-diabetic, and hepatoprotective, UA also has the function of improving and treating many kinds of diseases in nervous-mental system. In this paper, the role of UA in neuronal injury, cerebrovascular diseases as well as mental disorders and its research mechanisms are summarized by literature analysis so as to provide reference for subsequent research and clinical application of UA in nervous-mental system diseases.

High entropy alloy (HEA) is a novel metallic material that has emerged for 20 years. Its frontier research involves a multidisciplinary fusion of materials science, physics, chemistry, mechanics, and computational science. The high-temperature high entropy alloy, discovered in the last decade, is of great significance in the field of material science innovation development and engineering application. Affected by four effects including high entropy effect, lattice distortion effect, hysteresis diffusion effect, and cocktail effect, the high-temperature HEA has the characteristics of high strength, high hardness, high wear resistance, high-temperature resistance, and corrosion resistance. Herein, a series of recent scientific and technological achievements in high-temperature HEAs are reviewed in terms of definition, formation mechanism, material system design, and overall performance of high-temperature HEAs. Some problems are analyzed. The complexity of the extreme service environment and the correlation between material calculation design and high-temperature HEA performance are pointed out. Top ten scientific problems in the research are summarized. Finally, the future development trend and application prospects of hightemperature HEAs are presented.

Intake pressure control of high altitude platform is the key to ensure the effectiveness and reliability of high altitude simulation test. The design of intake pressure control method based on extended state observer (ESO) can effectively improve the control quality of intake pressure in high altitude platform simulation test, restrain the influence of unknown disturbance, and realize fast and stable control of intake pressure. In this paper, the development status of the intake pressure control system of high altitude platform is summarized, and the existing problems in research are pointed out. The research progress of the control technology based on ESO is systematically described. Parameter tuning methods and improved design methods of ESO are classified. The development strategy and research direction of ESO intake pressure control of high altitude platform are proposed.

The thermal safety problem of lithium-ion batteries under aviation airborne conditions is a key factor that restricts their application in the aviation field. The related scientific issues are the research hotspots at home and abroad. This paper reviews the thermal runaway problem of lithium-ion batteries and their products in aviation application and transportation. Thermal runaway characteristics and mechanisms of the batteries under low temperature, low pressure and enclosed space conditions are presented. Thermal runaway behaviors and laws of the batteries are introduced from the five aspects:thermal runaway temperature, thermal runaway time, heat release rate, mass loss, and thermal runaway spreading law. It is proposed that future research should be focused on thermal runaway behaviors of lithium-ion batteries concerning the synergistic effect of low temperature and low pressure environments.

Different from the phased array in which the beam direction is controlled by phase difference between array elements, the frequency diversity array (FDA) radar can realize beam control with higher degree of freedom by introducing frequency difference between array elements. This paper summarizes the research progress of FDA radar at home and abroad, and analyzes its current research status from aspects of array structure and orientation graphic coupling technology, electronic countermeasure technology application, electronic countermeasure technology application and so on. On this basis, some key technical problems to be solved, such as uncoupled FDA time-varying beam control, FDA-based electronic warfare technology and FDA-based radar practical research, are analyzed. For actual combat application of FDA, it is needed to develop a feasible time-invariant FDA distance-angle decoupling method of the beam and carry out integrated application research concerning FDA based structural analysis, launch waveform and frequency control function design, so as to speed up the process of FDA radar from conceptual stage to combat application.