人才资源是第一资源，也是世界科技强国竞争的焦点。研发（R&D）人员是科技人力资源的核心。从研发人员规模与结构、研发人员资源配置、研发人员科研与技术产出效率等角度，对中国与世界主要科技强国的研发人员投入产出特征进行了比较，并对中国科技人力资源的培养与使用提出政策建议：壮大研发人员人才队伍，调整研发人员结构，优化研发资源配置，提升研发产出效率。

Human resources are the resource of the first importance and the focus of science and technology powerhouses. The R&D personnel are the core of science and technology human resources. This paper makes a comparative analysis of the inputoutput characteristics of the R&D personnel in China and major science and technology powerhouses from the following perspectives, the scale and the structure, the resource allocation, the research and technology output efficiency of the R&D personnel, and proposes some policies for the cultivation and the use of science and technology human resources in China, such as expanding the talent team of R&D personnel, adjusting the structure of R&D personnel, optimizing the allocation of R&D resource and improving the efficiency of R&D output.