锂离子电池的热失控与预防

李存璞; 唐晓霞; 魏子栋

doi:10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2024.03.01161

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科技导报 ›› 2024, Vol. 42 ›› Issue (12) : 178-192. DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2024.03.01161

专题：培育新质生产力助力高水平科技自立自强

锂离子电池的热失控与预防

作者信息 -

1. 重庆大学化学化工学院, 重庆 400044;
2. 重庆大学锂电及新材料遂宁研究院, 遂宁 629000

作者简介:

李存璞，教授，研究方向为锂金属硫电池和有机电化学合成，电子信箱：lcp@cqu.edu.cn；魏子栋（通信作者），教授，研究方向为新能源材料化学与化工，电子信箱：zdwei@cqu.edu.cn

Thermal runaway and prevention of lithium-ion batteries

Author information -

1. Chongqing University, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing 400044, China;
2. Suining Lithium Battery Research Institute of Chongqing University (SLiBaC), Suining 629000, China

摘要

随着可再生能源的开发利用，锂离子电池凭借其高能量密度、长循环寿命、自放电小等特性，被认为是最重要的储能技术之一。然而，由锂离子电池热失控引起的火灾或爆炸事故频发，提高其安全性能刻不容缓。锂离子电池热失控发生源于电池外部受到滥用，导致电池内部生长锂枝晶造成短路、电极分解析出气体、易燃电解液分解，从而发生燃爆。以锂离子电池内部组件为出发点，基于锂离子电池热失控机理研究，从锂离子电池正负极及电解液等方面详细分析了热失控诱因；对热失控过程中电池内部的反应过程进行了全面阐述；针对锂离子电池热失控提出了抑制锂枝晶生长、设计电解液、减少正极氧释放、优化隔膜等内部改进策略，综合锂离子电池外部热管理以实现对锂离子电池的内外双重保护。

Abstract

With the development and utilization of renewable energy, lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries has been regarded as one of the most important energy storage technologies by virtue of their high energy density, long cycle life and low self-discharge. However, the frequent occurrence of fire or explosion caused by thermal runaway of lithium-ion batteries makes it urgent to improve their safety performance. Because of the battery external abuse, Li-ion batteries thermal runaway occurs, resulting in the growth of lithium dendrites inside the battery which will cause short circuits, electrode decomposition and gas precipitation, flammable electrolyte decomposition, leading to combustion and explosion. With the internal components of Li-ion batteries as a starting point, based on the study of the thermal runaway mechanism of Li-ion batteries, this paper made a detailed analysis on the thermal runaway triggers in terms of the positive and negative electrodes and Li-ion battery electrolyte; It also elaborated the reaction processes, within the batteries during the thermal runaway in a comprehensive way; For the thermal runway of Li-ion battery, the author proposed internal improvement strategies such as inhibiting the growth of lithium dendrites, designing electrolyte, reducing the release of positive oxygen and optimizing the diaphragm. Integrated with the external thermal management of the batteries, it will realize dual protection both inside and outside of the Li-ion batteries.

导出引用

李存璞, 唐晓霞, 魏子栋. 锂离子电池的热失控与预防[J]. 科技导报, 2024, 42(12): 178-192 https://doi.org/10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2024.03.01161

LI Cunpu, TANG Xiaoxia, WEI Zidong. Thermal runaway and prevention of lithium-ion batteries[J]. Science & Technology Review, 2024, 42(12): 178-192 https://doi.org/10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2024.03.01161

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