专题论文

中国PM2.5污染现状及其对人体健康的危害

  • 王庚辰 ,
  • 王普才
展开
  • 中国科学院大气物理研究所, 北京 100029
王庚辰,研究员,研究方向为大气物理、大气化学和大气环境污染等,电子信箱:wgc@mail.iap.ac.cn

收稿日期: 2014-08-12

  修回日期: 2014-08-14

  网络出版日期: 2014-09-26

基金资助

国家自然科学基金项目(41175030)

PM2.5 Pollution in China and Its Harmfulness to Human Health

  • WANG Gengchen ,
  • WANG Pucai
Expand
  • Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China

Received date: 2014-08-12

  Revised date: 2014-08-14

  Online published: 2014-09-26

摘要

当前,中国大气中PM2.5污染形势严峻。2013 年,在全国纳入监测范围的74 座城市中,接近92%的城市的PM2.5年均浓度未达到国家标准,其中,京津冀、长三角和珠三角等重点区域PM2.5污染尤为严重。PM2.5中含有的多种有毒有害物质可直接危害公众身体健康。已有的研究结果显示,PM2.5污染会直接影响人体的呼吸系统、心血管系统,与肺癌的发生率和死亡率密切相关,但需从PM2.5毒理学及暴露-反应关系等影响机制方面做深入研究。中国对大气中PM2.5污染的治理任重道远,强化PM2.5的健康风险研究,科学评价PM2.5污染对中国不同人群疾病发生的负担率等应是认真思考的问题。

关键词: 大气污染; PM2.5; 健康; 肺癌

本文引用格式

王庚辰 , 王普才 . 中国PM2.5污染现状及其对人体健康的危害[J]. 科技导报, 2014 , 32(26) : 72 -78 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2014.26.010

Abstract

The situation of PM2.5 pollution in China is serious at present. Among 74 cities starting PM2.5 monitoring in 2013, about 92% cities have PM2.5 concentrations exceeding the state standard limit value. The most polluted areas in China are the Beijing- Tianjin-Hebei region, Yangtze River Delta region and the Pearl River Delta region. Some poisonous species contained in PM2.5 may have a direct influence on human health. Some research results indicate that diseases such as respiratory system and cardiovascular system are evidently affected by PM2.5 pollution. Moreover, PM2.5 concentration and chemical composition are directly related to lung cancer. Therefore, some key problems, like PM2.5 toxicology, exposure-response relationship and so on, should be further studied, and the health risk assessment on PM2.5 pollution must be strengthened as well.

参考文献

[1] 国家环境保护部: 监测网络司. 2013 年中国环境状况公报[EB/OL]. (2014-06-05) [2014-08-04]. http://jcs.mep.gov.cn/hjzl/zkgb/2013zkgb/. Ministry of Environmental Protection: Department of Environmental Monitoring. China environmental state bulletin in 2013[EB/OL]. (2014- 06-05) [2014-08-04]. http://jcs.mep.gov.cn/hjzl/zkgb/2013zkgb/.
[2] 曹军骥. PM2.5与环境[M]. 北京: 科学出版社, 2014. Cao Junji. PM2.5 and the environment in China[M]. Beijing: Science Press, 2014.
[3] 吕忠梅. 重金属污染: 紧迫而不容回避的健康危害[R]. 北京: 社会科 学文献出版社, 2010. Lü Zhongmei. Heavy metal pollution: Urgent and can not be a health hazard avoidance[R]. Beijing: Publishing House of China's Social Sciences, 2010.
[4] Watson J G, Chow J C, Moosmuller H, et al. Guidance for using continuous monitors in PM2.5 monitoring networks[EB/OL]. (1998-05- 29) [2011-10-19]. http://www.epa.gov/ttnamti1/iles/ambient/pm25/r-98- 012.pdf.
[5] 谭知还. 关于PM2.5的十个问答[EB/OL]. (2011-12-06) [2011-12-10]. http://songshuhui.net/archives/62570. Tan Zhihuan. Ten questions and answers about PM2.5[EB/OL]. (2011- 12-06) [2011-12-10]. http://songshuhui.net/archives/62570.
[6] 孟紫强. 环境毒理学[M]. 北京: 中国环境科学出版社, 2000. Meng Ziqiang. Environmental toxicology[M]. Beijing: China Environmental Science Press, 2000.
[7] 卫生部, 环境保护总局, 发展改革委员会, 等. 国家环境与健康行动计 划(2007—2015)[EB/OL]. (2007- 11- 05) [2014- 08- 04]. http://www. moh.gov.cn/open/web_edit_file/20071108173502.doc. Ministry of Health, Environmental Protection Administration, Development and Reform Commission, et al. National environmental action plan (2007-2015)[EB/OL]. (2007-11-05) [2014-08-04]. http://www.moh.gov.cn/open/web_edit_file/20071108173502.doc.
[8] 环境保护部, 国家质量监督检验监检疫总局. GB 3095-2012环境大 气质量标准[S]. 北京:中国环境科学出版社, 2012. Ministry of Environmental Protection, the State General Administration of Quality Supervision Inspection and Quarantine. GB 3095—2012 Ambient air quality standard[S]. Beijing: China Environmental Science Press, 2012.
[9] 关大博, 刘竹. 京津冀地区PM2.5污染解析及减排策略研究[M]. 北京: 中国环境科学出版社, 2014. Guan Dabo, Liu Zhu. PM2.5 pollution analysis and reduction strategy in the Jingjinji region[M]. Beijing: China Environmental Science Press, 2014.
[10] 十二届全国人大一次会议.“环境保护与生态文明建设”记者会[EB/OL]. (2013-03-15) [2014-08-04]. http://www.xinhuanet.com/2013. Press Center for the First Session of the 12th National Peoples Congress. Environmental protection and ecological civilization construction[EB/OL]. (2013- 03- 15) [2014- 08- 04]. http://www. xinhuanet.com/2013.
[11] 滕恩江, 胡伟, 吴国平, 等. 中国四城市大气中粗细颗粒物元素组成 特征[J]. 中国环境科学, 1999, 19(3): 238-242. Teng Enjiang, Hu Wei, Wu Guoping, et al. Characteristics of element composition for caose and fine particles in four cities in China[J]. China Environmental Science, 1999, 19(3): 238-242.
[12] 谢骅, 王庚辰, 任丽新, 等. 北京市大气细粒态气溶胶的化学成分研 究[J]. 中国环境科学, 2001, 21(5): 432-435. Xie Hua, Wang Gengchen, Ren Lixin, et al. Study on chemical composition of fine particles in the atmosphere in Beijing[J]. China Environmental Science, 2001, 21(5): 432-435.
[13] 尹洧. 大气颗粒物及其组成研究进展(上)[J]. 现代仪器, 2012, 18 (2): 1-5. Yin Wei. Research progress of atmospheric particulates and its composition[J]. Modern Instruments, 2012, 18(2): 1-5.
[14] 胡敏, 何凌茜, 黄晓峰, 等. 北京大气细颗粒物和超细颗粒物理化特 征、来源及形成机制[M]. 北京: 科学出版社, 2009. Hu Min, He Lingxi, Huang Xiaofeng, et al. Physicochemical characteristics, sources and formation mechanism of atmospheric fine and ultrafine particles in Beijing[M]. Beijing: Science Press, 2009.
[15] 绿色和平组织, 北京大学公共卫生学院. 北京PM2.5中重金属浓度 检测研究[R]. 北京: 绿色和平组织, 2013. Greenpeace, School of Public Health of Peking University. Detection of heavy metal concentration in PM2.5 in Beijing[R]. Beijing: Green Peace Organization, 2013.
[16] 马艳华, 宁平, 黄小凤, 等. PM2.5重金属元素组成特征研究进展[J]. 矿物学报, 2013, 33(3): 375-381. Ma YanHua, Ning Ping, Huang Xiaofeng, et al. Research progress of atmospheric heavy metal element composition characteristics in fine particles (PM2.5)[J]. Acta mieralogica Sinica, 2013, 33(3): 375-381.
[17] 焦瑞, 张金生, 李丽华. 大气中细颗粒物(PM2.5)中有机碳的研究进展[J]. 环境科技, 2013, 26(2): 75-78. Jiao Rui, Zhang Jinsheng, Li Lihua. Research progress of organic carbon in the atmospheric fine particles (PM2.5) [J]. Environmental Science and Technology, 2013, 26(2): 75-78.
[18] 车瑞俊, 刘大锰, 董雪玲, 等. 北京市大气PM10和PM2.5中多环芳烃组分的致突变性[J]. 环境与健康杂志, 2008, 12: 1047-1050. Che Ruijun, Liu Dameng, Dong Xueling, et al. Mutagenicity of PAHs fraction in the PM10 and PM2.5 collected in Beijing city[J]. Journal of Environment and Health, 2008, 12: 1047-1050.
[19] 王英锋, 张姗姗, 李杏茹, 等. 北京大气颗粒物中多环芳烃浓度季节 变化及来源分[J]. 环境化学, 2010, 29(3): 369-375. Wang Yingfeng, Zhang Shanshan, Li Xingru, et al. Seasonal variation and source identification of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in airborne particulates of Beijing[J]. Environmental Chemistry, 2010, 29(3): 369-375.
[20] 王淑兰, 柴发合, 张远航, 等. 大气颗粒物中多环芳烃的污染特征及 来源识别[J]. 环境科学研究, 2005, 18(2): 19-22. Wang Shulan, Cai Fahe, Zhang Yuanhang, et al. Pollution characterization and source identification and apportionment of PAHs in urborne particulates[J]. Research of Environmental Sciences, 2005, 18(2): 19-22.
[21] 赵金镯, 宋伟民. 大气超细颗粒物的分布特征及其对健康的影响[J]. 环境与职业医学, 2007, 24(1): 80-83. Zhao Jinzhu, Song Weimin. Distribution characteristics of atmospheric ultrafine particles and its effects on health[J]. Journal of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, 2007, 24(1): 80-83.
[22] 岳常丽, 刘红刚. 大气细颗粒物(PM2.5)及其致病性的研究现状[J]. 临 床与实验病理学杂志, 2009, 25(4): 437-440. Yue Changli, Liu Honggang. Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) research status and its pathogenicity[J]. Chinese Journal of Clinical and Experimental Pathology, 2009, 25(4): 437-440.
[23] 曹德康, 苏建忠, 黄以哲, 等. PM2.5与人体健康研究现状[J]. 武警医 学, 2012, 23(9): 803-805. Cao Dekang, Su Jianzhong, Huang Yizhe, et al. PM2.5 and current status of research on human health[J]. Medical Journal of the Chinese People's Armed Police Forces, 2012, 23(9): 803-805.
[24] WHO. Air quality guidelines—global update 2005[EB/OL]. (2005-10- 20) [2014- 08- 04]. http://www.who.int/phe/health_topics/outdoorair/outdoorair_aqg/en/index.html
[25] 游燕, 白志鹏. 大气颗粒物暴露与健康效应研究进展[J]. 生态毒理学 报, 2012, 7(2): 123-132. You Yan, Bai Zhipeng. Progress in research and health effects of air particulate matter exposure[J]. Asian Journal of Ecotoxicology, 2012, 7 (2): 123-132.
[26] 冯茜丹, 党志, 吕玄文, 等. 大气PM2.5中重金属的化学形态分布[J]. 生态环境学报, 2011, 20(6): 1048-1052. Feng Xidan, Dang Zhi, Lü Xuanwen, et al. Chemical speciation distribution of PM2.5-bound heavy metals in the air[J]. Ecology and Environment, 2011, 20(6): 1048-1052.
[27] 李君灵, 孟紫强. 我国大气环境毒理学研究新进展[J]. 生态毒理学 报, 2012, 7(2): 133-139. Li Junling, Meng Ziqiang. Current progress in atmospheric environmental toxicology in China[J]. Asian Journal of Ecotoxicology, 2012, 7(2): 133-139.
[28] 赵学彬. 不同地区颗粒物毒性的比较实验研究[D]. 武汉: 华中科技 大学, 2011. Zhao Xuebin. Comperative experiment on the toxicity of particulate matter from different cities[D]. Wuhan: Huazhong University of Science & Technology, 2011.
[29] 刘岩磊, 孙岚, 张英鸽. 粒径小于2.5 μm可吸入颗粒物的危害[J]. 国 际药学研究杂志, 2011, 38(6): 428-432. Liu Yanlei, Sun Lan, Zhang Yingge. Harm of inhalable particles less than 2.5 micron[J]. Journal of International Pharmaceutical Research, 2011, 38(6): 428-432.
[30] 吕森林, 陈小慧, 吴明红, 等. 上海市PM2.5的物理化学特征及其生物 活性研究[J]. 环境科学, 2007, 28(3): 472-477. Lü Shenlin, Chen Xiaohui, Wu Minghong, et al. Physicochemistry and bioreactivity characterization of fine particles (PM2.5) in Shanghai air[J]. Chinese Journal of Environmental Science, 2007, 28(3): 472-477.
[31] 邵龙义, 杨书申, 时宗波, 等. 城市大气可吸入颗粒物物理化学特征 及生物活性研究[M]. 北京: 气象出版社, 2006 Shao Longyi, Yang Shushen, Shi Zongbo, et al. A study on physicochemistry and bio-reactivity of inhalable particulates in urban air[M]. Beijing: China Meteorological Press, 2006.
[32] 陈仁杰, 张金良, 阚海东. 中国大气污染与肺癌关系的流行病学研究 回顾[J]. 卫生研究2011, 40(2): 243-245. Chen Renjie, Zhang Jinliang, Kan Haidong. Review of epidemiological studiesrelation between air pollution and lung cancer in China[J]. Journal of Hygiene Research, 2011, 40(2): 243-245.
[33] Liu L, Zhang J. Ambient air pollution and children's lung function in China[J]. Environment international, 2009, 35(1): 178-186.
[34] WHO. 全球癌症报告2014[EB/OL]. (2014-03-03) [2014-03-14]. http://www.365xgb.com/show/98036.shtml. WHO. The world cancer report 2014[EB/OL]. (2014-03-03) [2014- 03-14]. http://www.365xgb.com/show/98036.shtml.
[35] 张尚伟. 我国肺癌发病率每年增长26.9%[N]. 北京日报,2013-11- 22. Zhang Shangwei. Annual growth of 26.9% for the incidence of lung cancer in China[N]. Beijing Daily, 2013-11-22.
[36] 尹力. 北京市肺癌发病率自2001至2010年增长56%[EB/OL]. (2012- 11- 22) [2012- 11- 22]. http://finance.chinanews.com/jk/2012/11- 22/4350866.shtml. Yin Li. The growth of 56% for incidence of lung cancer in Beijing city from 2001 to 2010[EB/OL]. (2012-11-22) [2012-11-22]. http://finance.chinanews.com/jk/2012/11-22/4350866.shtml.
[37] Yang G H, Wang Y, Zeng Y X, et al,Rapid health transition in China, 1990—2010: Findings from the global burden of disease study 2010[J]. Lancet, 2013, 381(9882):1987-2015.
[38] Chen Z, Wang J N, Ma G X, et al. China tackles the health effects of air pollution[J]. Lancet, 2013, 382(9909):1959-1960.
[39] Pope C A, Burnett R T, Thun M J, et al. Lung cancer, cardiopulmonary mortality, and long-term exposure to fine particulate air pollution[J]. Journal of the American Medical Association, 2002, 287(9): 1132- 1141.
[40] Straif K, Cohen A, Samet J. Air pollution and cancer[R]. Lira Geneva: International Agency for Research on Cancer Scientific Publication, 2013.
[41] 潘小川. 环境健康风险评价亟待推进[R]. 北京: 社会科学文献出版 社, 2010. Pan Xiaochuan. To promote environmental health risk assessment[R]. Beijing: Publishing House of China's Social Sciences, 2010.
文章导航

/