精准医疗是指与患者分子生物病理学特征相匹配的个体化诊断和治疗策略。肿瘤为一复杂和多样性疾病,在分子遗传上具有很大异质性,即使相同病理类型的癌症患者,对抗癌药物反应迥异,因此肿瘤学科成为精准医疗的最重要领域之一。组学大数据时代的来临和生物技术的迅速发展奠定了精准医疗的可行性。本文介绍精准和个体化医疗的概念、基础和意义,简述近年来在此领域的最新进展,以及对实施精准医疗的方法和技术进行分析和归纳,首次将其分为间接方法(生物标志物检测及诊断)和直接方法(病人源性细胞和组织在抗癌药物直接筛选的应用),最后扼要阐述精准医疗的前景和面临的挑战。
杭渤
,
束永前
,
刘平
,
魏光伟
,
金健
,
郝文山
,
王培俊
,
李斌
,
毛建华
. 肿瘤的精准医疗:概念、技术和展望[J]. 科技导报, 2015
, 33(15)
: 14
-21
.
DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2015.15.001
Precision medicine is defined as an approach to personalized diagnosis and treatment, based on the omics information of patients. Human cancer is a complex and intrinsically heterogeneous disease in which patients may exhibit similar symptoms, and appear to have the same pathological disease, for entirely different genetic reasons. Such heterogeneity results in dramatic variations in response to currently available anti-cancer drugs. Therefore, oncology is one of the best fields for the practice of precision medicine. The availability of omics-based big data, along with rapid development of biotechnology, paves a way for precision medicine. This article describes the concept, foundation and significance of precision medicine, and reviews the recent progresses in methodology development and their clinical application. Then, various current available biotechniques in precision medicine are evaluated and classified into indirect (biomarker-based detection and prediction) and direct (patient-derived cells and tissues for direct anti-cancer drug screening) categories. Finally, perspectives of precision medicine as well as its facing challenge are briefly discussed.
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