2015年深度学习和2016年谷歌AlphaGo围棋在世界各国主流媒体上争取报道,也引发了大众对人工智能的兴趣。人工智能在60年前就已经出现并且几经起落,近两年的突破在很大程度上是由于云计算平台的发展。在过去的20年间,人工智能以智能软件代理、推荐系统、数据挖掘、知识管理、深度学习等各种应用层面的分支概念存在。追本溯源,本文概括介绍人工智能过去60年的发展历史。
[1] Turing A M. Computing machinery and intelligence[J]. Mind, 1950, 59(236):433-460.
[2] Pierce J. Computers in translation and linguistics[R]. National Academy of Sciences/National Research Council, 1966.
[3] Lighthill I. Artificial intelligence:A general survey[R]//Artificial Intelligence:A Paper Symposium. London:Science Research Council, 1973.
[4] Brooks F P. No silver bullet essence and accidents of software engineering[J]. Computer, 1987, 20(4):10-19.
[5] Nonaka I, Takeuchi H. The knowledge-creation company:How Japanese companies create the dynamics of innovation[M]. New York:Oxford University Press, 1995.
[6] Kushner D. Two AI Pioneers. Two Bizarre Suicides. What Really Happened?[J]. Wired Magazine, 2008-01-18.
[7] Moravec H. Mind children:The future of robot and human intelligence[M]. Cambridge, MA, USA:Harvard University Press, 1988.
[8] Berners-Lee T J. Information management:A proposal[J/OL].[2016-03-15]. http://faculty.georgetown.edu/irvinem/theory/Berners-Lee-HTTP-proposal.pdf.
[9] Page L. The PageRank citation ranking:bringing order to the web[J]. Stanford Infolab, 1998, 9(1):1-14.
[10] O'Connor M, Herlocker J. Clustering items for collaborative filtering[C/OL].[2016-03-15]. http://www.csee.umbc.edu/~ian/sigir99-rec/papers/oconner_m. pdf in Proceedings of the ACM SIGIR workshop on recommender systems. 1999. UC Berkeley.
[11] Anderson C. The long tail:Why the future of business is selling less of more[J]. Journal of Product Innovation Management, 2006, 24(3):274-276.
[12] Hawkins J, Blakeslee S. On intelligence[M]. Times Books, 2004.
[13] Kurzweil R. The singularity is near:When humans transcend biology[J]. Cryonics, 2006, 85(1):160-160.
[14] Lee H, Cheng Y C, Fleming G R.Coherence dynamics in photosynthesis:Protein protection of excitonic coherence[J]. Science, 2007, 316(5830):1462-1465.
[15] Ritz T, Adem S, Schulten K. A model for photoreceptor-based magnetoreception in birds[J]. Biophysical Journal, 2000, 78(2):707-718.
