专题论文

中国农业资源环境透视——问题与建议

  • 成升魁 ,
  • 鲁春霞 ,
  • 郭金花 ,
  • 刘立涛 ,
  • 徐增让 ,
  • 黄绍琳
展开
  • 1. 中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所, 北京 100101;
    2. 中国科学院大学资源与环境学院, 北京 100049
成升魁,研究员,研究方向为农业资源利用与区域发展,电子信箱:chengsk@igsnrr.ac.cn

收稿日期: 2018-03-20

  修回日期: 2018-04-10

  网络出版日期: 2018-06-15

基金资助

中国科学院重点部署项目(ZDBS-SSW-DQC)

Problems and suggestions for agricultural resource and environment of China

  • CHENG Shengkui ,
  • LU Chunxia ,
  • GUO Jinhua ,
  • LIU Litao ,
  • XU Zengrang ,
  • HUANG Shaolin
Expand
  • 1. Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resource Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China;
    2. College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China

Received date: 2018-03-20

  Revised date: 2018-04-10

  Online published: 2018-06-15

摘要

农业资源环境是保障食物供给的物质基础。改革开放以来,随着土地承包制和市场经济的发展,中国农业生产快速增长,农产品生产规模和产品多样化达到前所未有的水平。然而高投入、高消耗、高污染的农业生产使中国付出了巨大的资源环境代价。本文从区域尺度分析了4种颇为突出的区域农业资源环境问题:1)东北地区旱田改水田规模的持续扩大加剧了区域水资源压力并产生了负面生态影响;2)华北平原农业生产中水资源和化肥等大量投入导致地下水位下降和水环境污染等资源环境问题;3)在工业化和城镇化快速发展进程中,南方土壤酸化和重金属污染问题突出并对食品安全产生影响;4)西北干旱半干旱地区生态屏障维护与粮食生产之间的关系协调问题。最后提出了农业资源环境可持续利用的建议,即加强区域农业资源优化配置和高效利用、系统推进农业环境污染治理与生态修复、强化全球农业资源利用战略。

本文引用格式

成升魁 , 鲁春霞 , 郭金花 , 刘立涛 , 徐增让 , 黄绍琳 . 中国农业资源环境透视——问题与建议[J]. 科技导报, 2018 , 36(11) : 13 -21 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2018.11.002

Abstract

The agricultural resource and environment is the material basis to guarantee food supply. Since the reform and opening up, China's agricultural production has increased rapidly with the development of land contract system and market economy. Agricultural production scale and product diversification have reached unprecedented levels. However, the rapid development of agricultural production has paid a great resource and environmental cost. This paper mainly analyzes the agricultural resource and environment problems at a regional scale. Firstly, due to the area increase of the dry land turning into paddy field in the northeast China, the water irrigation has caused the water table to decrease continuously as well as the negative ecological impact. Secondly, because of large amount of input such as water resources and fertilizer in the agricultural production of the north China plain the groundwater level declines and water environment pollution occurrs. Thirdly, in the context of the rapid development of industrialization and urbanization, the soil acidification and heavy metal pollution in the south China are prominent in recent years, which has impacted food safety. Fourthly, the relationship between ecological barrier maintenance and grain production in arid and semi-arid regions of northwest China is discussed. Finally, some suggestions are put forward to strengthen the sustainable utilization of agricultural resources and environment.

参考文献

[1] 李文华, 成升魁, 梅旭荣, 等. 中国农业资源与环境可持续发展战略研究[J]. 中国工程科学, 2016, 18(1):56-64. Li Wenhua, Cheng Shengkui, Mei Xurong, et al. Study on strategies for the sustainable development of China's agricultural resources and environment[J]. Engineering Sciences, 2016, 18(1):56-64.
[2] 夏军, 石卫. 变化环境下中国水安全问题研究与展望[J]. 水利学报, 2016, 47(3):292-302. Xia Jun, Shi Wei. Perspective on water security issue of changing environment in China[J]. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 2016, 47(3):292-302.
[3] 国家统计局. 中国统计年鉴[M]. 北京:中国统计出版社, 2016. National Bureau of Statistics. China statistical yearbook[M]. Beijing:China Statistical Press, 2016.
[4] 杨林章, 冯彦房, 施卫明, 等. 我国农业面源污染治理技术研究进展[J]. 中国农业生态学报, 2013, 21(1):96-101. Yang Linzhang, Feng Yanfang, Shi Weiming, et al. Review of the advances and development trends in agricultural non-point source pollution control in China[J]. Chinese Journal of EcoAgriculture, 2013, 21(1):96-101.
[5] 周浩, 雷国平, 张博, 等. 1990-2013年挠力河流域耕地变化下水土资源平衡效应分析[J]. 农业工程学报, 2015, 31(1):272-280. Zhou Hao, Lei Guoping, Zhang Bo, et al. Farmland change induced land and water resource balance in Naoli River Basin from 1990 to 2013[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, 2015, 31(1):272-280.
[6] 沈彦俊."华北平原地下水与农业可持续性"专辑-发刊词[J]. 中国生态农业学报, 2014, 22(8):873-874. Shen Yanjun. "Groundwater and agricultural sustainability in the North China Plain" Album:Issue word[J]. Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture, 2014, 22(8):873-874.
[7] 任家民. 三江平原农业开发利用地下水中存在的问题与保护措施[J]. 民营科技, 2016(5):208. Ren Jiamin. Problems in the development and utilization of groundwater in agriculture in the Sanjiang Plain safeguard[J]. Private Technology, 2016(5):208.
[8] 姜秋香, 付强, 王子龙, 等. 三江平原水土资源空间匹配格局[J]. 自然资源学报, 2011, 26(2):270-277. Jiang Qiuxiang, Fu Qiang, Wang Zilong, et al. Spatial matching patterns of landand water resources in Sanjiang Plain[J]. Journal of Natural Resources, 2011, 26(2):270-277.
[9] 章光新. 东北粮食主产区水安全与湿地生态安全保障的对策[J]. 中国水利, 2012(15):9-11. Zhang Guangxin. Measures for securing water safety of main grain production base and wetland ecological safety in Northeast China[J]. China Water Resouces, 2012(15):9-11.
[10] 高广志, 孙英威. 昔日为增收纷纷"旱改水"今朝水失衡无奈重改旱[EB/OL]. (2003-06-23)[2018-01-02]. http://www.mwr.gov.cn/xw/slyw/201702/t20170212_827916.html. Gao Guangzhi, Sun Yingwei. In the past, in order to increase income, the "drought-to-water" water balance has become more reckless[EB/OL]. (2003-06-23)[2018-01-02]. http://www.mwr.gov.cn/xw/slyw/201702/t20170212_827916.html.
[11] 周冉. 华北地区主要作物施肥的资源环境影响评价[D]. 保定:河北农业大学, 2012. Zhou Ran. Life cycle environmental impacts of fertilization in wheat, maize and vegetables production in North China Plain[D]. Baoding:Hebei Agricultural University, 2012.
[12] 费宇红, 张兆吉, 张凤娥, 等. 气候变化和人类活动对华北平原水资源影响分析[J]. 地球学报, 2007, 28(6):567-571. Fei Yuhong, Zhang Zhaoji, Zhang Feng'e, et al. An analysis of the influence of human activity and climate change on water resources of the North China Plain[J]. Aata Geoscientica Sinica, 2007, 28(6):567-571.
[13] 张光辉, 费宇红, 张行南, 等. 滹沱河流域平原区地下水流场异常变化与原因[J]. 水利学报, 2008, 39(6):747-752. Zhang Guanghui, Fei Yuhong, Zhang Xingnan, et al. Abnormal variation of groundwaer flow field in plain area of Hutuo River basin and analysis on its cause[J]. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 2008, 39(6):747-752.
[14] 张光辉, 费宇红, 严明疆, 等. 灌溉农田节水增产对地下水开采量影响研究[J]. 水科学进展, 2009, 19(3):350-355. Zhang Guanghui, Fei Yuhong, Yan Mingjiang, et al. Impact of irrigating farmland increase production with water save on groundwater exploitation[J]. Advances in Water Science, 2009, 19(3):350-355.
[15] 张兆吉, 费宇红, 陈宗宇, 等. 华北平原地下水可持续利用调查评价[M]. 北京:地质出版社, 2009:48-49. Zhang Zhaoji, Fei Yuhong, Chen Zongyu, et al. Survey and evaluation of groundwater sustainable utilization in North China Plain[M]. Beijing:Geological Press, 2009:48-49.
[16] 张宗祜, 施德鸿, 沈照理, 等. 人类活动影响下华北平原地下水环境演化与发展[J]. 地球学报, 1997, 18(4):291-294.Zhang Zonghu, Shi Dehong, Shen Zhaoli, et al. Evolution and development of groundwater environment in North China Plain under human activities[J]. Aata Geoscientica Sinica, 1997, 18(4):291-294.
[17] 张福锁, 江荣风, 杨相东, 等. 缓/控释肥料发展中的问题及对策[J]. 中国农资, 2005(10):51-52. Zhang Fusuo, Jiang Rongfeng, Yang Xiangdong, et al. Problems in development of slow/controlled release fertilizers and countermeasures[J]. Chinese Agricultural Resources, 2005(10):51-52.
[18] 潘家荣, 巨晓棠. 高肥力土壤冬小麦/夏玉米轮作体系中化肥氮去向研究[J]. 核农学报, 2001, 15(4):207-212. Pan Jiarong, Ju Xiaotang. Fate of fertilizer N in winter wheat/summer maize rotation system on high-fertility soil[J]. Acta Agriculturae Nucleatae Sinic, 2001, 15(4):207-212.
[19] 陈新平, 张福锁. 小麦-玉米轮作体系养分资源综合管理理论与实践[M]. 北京:中国农业大学出版社, 2006. Chen Xinping, Zhang Fusuo. Theory and practice of integrated management of nutrient resources in wheat-maize rotation system[M]. Beijing:Agricultural University of China Press, 2006.
[20] 杨治平, 陈明昌, 张强, 等. 不同施氮措施对保护地黄瓜养分利用效率及土壤氮素淋失影响[J]. 土保持学报, 2007, 21(2):57-60. Yang Zhiping, Chen Mingchang, Zhang Qiang, et al. Effects of different fertilizer measurement on nutrient utilization in cucumber and nitrate leaching loss from soil in greenhouse[J]. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 2007, 21(2):57-60.
[21] Gleeson T, Wada Y, Bierkens M F P, et al. Water balance of global aquifers revealed by groundwater footprint[J]. Nature, 2012, 488(7410):197-200.
[22] Chen J Y, Tang C Y, Shen Y J, et al. Use of water balance calculation and tritium to examine the dropdown of groundwater table in the piedmont of the North China Plain[J]. Environmental Geology, 2003, 44(5):564-571.
[23] 张光辉, 刘中培, 费宇红, 等. 华北平原区域水资源特征与作物布局结构适应性研究[J]. 地球学报, 2010, 31(2):17-22. Zhang Guanghui, Liu Zhongpei, Fei Yuhong, et al. The Relationship between the distribution of irrigated crops and the supply capability of regional water resources in North China Plain[J]. Acta Geoscientica Sinica, 2010, 31(2):17-22.
[24] 杨丽芝, 曲万龙, 刘春华. 华北平原地下水资源功能衰退与恢复途径研究[J]. 干旱区资源与环境, 2013, 27(7):8-17. Yang Lizhi, Qu Wanlong, Liu Chunhua. Reseach on the groundwater resource-function decline and sustainable exploitation[J]. Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment, 2013, 27(7):8-17.
[25] 刘海若. 井灌区典型区域地下水位时空分布及对灌溉用水响应分析[D]. 北京:中国水利水电科学研究院, 2017. Liu Hairuo. Spatiotemporal variability of groundwater level and response of irrigation water in typical area of well irrigation[D]. Beijing:China Institute of Water Resources & Hydropower Research, 2017.
[26] 许月卿. 土地利用对地下水位下降的影响——以河北平原为例[J]. 地理研究, 2005, 24(2):222-228. Xu Yueqing. Impact analysis of land use on groundwater level drawdown:A case study of the Hebei Plain[J]. Geographical Research, 2005, 24(2):222-228.
[27] Pan Y, Yu Z R, Holst J, et al. Integrated assessment of cropping patterns under different policy scenarios in Quzhou County, North China Plain[J]. Land Use Policy, 2014, 40:131-139.
[28] 徐春春, 孙丽娟, 周锡跃, 等. 我国南方水稻生产变化和特点及稳定发展的政策建议[J]. 农业现代化研究, 2013, 34(2):129-132. Xu Chunchun, Sun Lijuan, Zhou Xiyue, et al. Characteristics of rice production in south china and policy proposals for its steady development[J]. Research of Agricultural Modernization, 2013, 34(2):129-132.
[29] Guo J H, Liu X J, Zhang Y, et al. Significant acidification in major Chinese croplands[J]. Science, 2010, 327(5968):1008-1010.
[30] 余海英, 李廷轩, 周健民. 典型设施栽培土壤盐分变化规律及潜在的环境效应研究[J]. 土壤学报, 2006, 43(4):571-576. Yu Haiying, Li Yanxuan, Zhou Jianmin. Salt in typical greenhouse soil profiles and its potential environmental effects[J]. Acta Pedologica Sinica, 2006, 43(4):571-576.
[31] 张喜林, 周宝库, 孙磊, 等. 长期施用化肥和有机肥料对黑土酸度的影响研究[J]. 土壤通报, 2008, 39(5):1221-1223. Zhang Xilin, Zhou Baoku, Sun Lei, et al. Black soil acidity as affected by applying fertilizer and manure[J]. Chinese Journal of Soil Science, 2008, 39(5):1221-1223.
[32] 魏复盛, 陈静生, 吴燕玉, 等. 中国土壤环境背景值研究[J]. 环境科学, 1991, 12(4):12-19. Wei Fusheng, Chen Jingsheng, Wu Yanyu, et al. Study on the background contents on 61 elements of soils in China[J]. Environmental Science, 1991, 12(4):12-19.
[33] 王云, 魏复盛. 土壤环境元素化学[M]. 北京:中国环境科学出版社, 1996. Wang Yun, Wei Fusheng. Soil environmental element chemistry[M]. Beijing:China Environmental Science Press, 1996.
[34] 袁珊珊, 肖细元, 郭朝晖. 中国镉矿的区域分布及土壤镉污染风险分析[J]. 环境污染与防治, 2012, 34(6):51-56. Yuan Shanshan, Xiao Xiyuan, Guo Zhaohui. Regional distribution of cadmium minerals and risk assessment for potential cadmium pollution of soil in China[J]. Environmental Pollution and Prevention, 2012, 34(6):51-56.
[35] 魏益民, 魏帅, 郭波莉, 等. 含镉稻米的分布及治理技术概述[J]. 食品科学技术学报, 2013, 31(2):1-6. Wei Yimin, Wei Shuai, Guo Boli, et al. Cadmium contaminationin rice and cadmium control technology[J]. Journal of Food Science and Technology, 2013, 31(2):1-6.
[36] 张小敏, 张秀英, 钟太洋, 等. 中国农田土壤重金属富集状况及其空间分布研究[J]. 环境科学, 2014, 35(2):692-704.Zhang Xiaomin, Zhang Xiuying, Zhong Taiyang, et al. Spatial distribution and accumulation of heavy metal in arable land soil of China[J]. Environmental Science, 2014, 35(2):692-704.
[37] 周启星, 宋玉芳. 污染土壤修复原理与方法[M]. 北京:科学出版社, 2004. Zhou Qixing, Song Yufang. Principles and methods of remediation of contaminated soil[M]. Beijing:Science Press, 2004.
[38] 王凤娇, 杨延征, 上官周平. 西北五省(区)耕地质量等别差异性比较[J]. 干旱地区农业研究, 2015, 33(2):230-236. Wang Fengjiao, Yang Yanzheng, Shangguan Zhouping, et al. Comparisons on variations in qualities of arable lands in northwestern China[J]. Agricultural Research in the Arid Areas, 2015, 33(2):230-236.
[39] 屠志方, 李梦先, 孙涛. 第五次全国荒漠化和沙化监测结果及分析[J]. 林业资源管理, 2016(1):1-6. Tu Zhifang, Li Mengxian, Sun Tao. Status and trend analysis of desertification and sandification[J]. Forest Resources Management, 2016(1):1-6.
[40] 李福兴. 我国西部地区耕地退化现状及其防治对策[J]. 水土保持学报, 2002, 16(1):1-5. Li Fuxing. Degenerative reality and controlling countermeasure of cultivated land in west region of China[J]. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 2002, 16(1):1-5.
[41] 张翀, 任志远. 黄土高原地区植被覆盖变化的时空差异及未来趋势[J]. 资源科学, 2011, 33(11):2143-2149. Zhang Chong, Ren Zhiyuan. Temporal and spatial differences and its trends in vegetation cover change over the Loess Plateau[J]. Resource Science, 2011, 33(11):2143-2149.
[42] 鲁奇, 吕鸣伦. 五十年代以来我国粮食生产地域格局变化趋势及原因初探[J]. 地理科学进展, 1997, 16(1):31-36. Lu Qi, Lv Minglun. Trends and basic causes of the regional pattern changes in China's grain production since 1950's[J]. Progress in Geography, 1997, 16(1):31-36.
[43] 王玉斌, 陈慧萍, 谭向勇. 我国南北方粮食产量波动与调运格局变化特征分析[J]. 农村经营管理, 2006(5):27-29. Wang Yubin, Chen Huiping, Tan Xiangyong. Analysis on the change of grain production and the change of transport pattern in North and South of China[J]. Management and Administration on Rural Cooperative, 2006(5):27-29.
[44] 李建云, 王汉杰. 南水北调大面积农业灌溉的区域气候效应研究[J]. 水科学进展, 2009, 20(3):343-350. Li Jianyun, Wang Hanjie. Regional climate effects of largescale agricultural irrigation related to South-to-North Water Transfer Project in China[J]. Advances in Water Science, 2009, 20(3):343-350.
[45] 崔亚莉, 王亚斌, 邵景力, 等. 南水北调实施后华北平原地下水调控研究[J]. 资源科学, 2009, 31(3):382-387. Cui Yali, Wang Yabin, Shao Jingli, et al. Research on groundwater regulation and recovery in North China Plain after the implementation of South-to-North water transfer[J]. Resources Science, 2009, 31(3):382-387.
[46] 吴普特, 赵西宁, 操信春, 等. 中国"农业北水南调虚拟工程"现状及思考[J]. 农业工程学报, 2010, 26(6):1-6. Wu Pute, Zhao Xi'ning, Cao Xinchun, et al. Status and thoughts of Chinese "agricultural north-to-south water diversion virtual engineering"[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, 2010, 26(6):1-6.
文章导航

/