聚丙烯腈基碳纤维兼具高性能和低比重，是轻质高强、轻质高模等高端装备轻量化的首选材料，是高性能纤维的典型代表，受到世界各国政府、国防与工业领域、科技与产业界的高度关注。从聚丙烯腈碳纤维材料的结构性能特征出发，介绍了聚丙烯腈基碳纤维制备的工艺流程、结构与性能的相关性；从高强碳纤维被发明、高强中模碳纤维因需求牵引而研发成功、更高性能碳纤维的不断创新发明，直至进入新世纪后对高性能低成本化的重视，阐述了国际聚丙烯腈基碳纤维技术发展的4个关键阶段；分析了国产碳纤维通过自主创新，建立以二甲基亚砜为主、包含其他工艺技术的发展历程。从高强和高强中模碳纤维、高模和高模高强碳纤维、低成本大丝束碳纤维的国产化有序发展，展示了碳纤维国产化技术水平不断提高、碳纤维制备与应用不断融合的现状。最后结合国际技术发展动态和中国碳纤维技术积累基础，提出了开展颠覆性技术研究的建议，认为新型聚丙烯腈成纤技术、原材料创新和碳纤维制备过程新型热源技术等值得高度关注。
Polyacrylonitrile-based carbon fiber enjoys a combined feature of high performance and low specific gravity. It is the material of the first choice for structures of light-weight high-strength and light-weight high-modulus. It is a typical representative of highperformance fiber and finds promising applications around the world. Focusing on the structural properties, the relationship between the preparation process, the structure and the performance of the Polyacrylonitrile-based carbon fiber is discussed. Since the invention of the high-strength carbon fiber, one sees four key stages in the development of the Polyacrylonitrile-based carbon fiber technology in the development of high-strength medium-modulus carbon fiber according to the demand, the continuous innovation of higher-performance carbon fiber, and with the emphasis on high-performance and low-cost in the new century. The development history of domestically produced carbon fibers, and the independent innovations of dimethyl sulfoxide and other process technologies are reviewed, from the highstrength, high-strength medium-modulus, high-modulus and high-modulus high-strength carbon fibers, to low-cost large tow carbon fiber. At the end of the paper, some suggestions are put forward with the new Polyacrylonitrile fiber forming technology, the raw material innovation and the new heat source technology in carbon fiber preparation process as the focus.
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