数据作为一种新型生产要素，具有不同于传统生产要素的特征，在第四次产业革命的浪潮中成为各国公共政策领域关注的焦点。近年来，美国、欧盟、英国和中国等国家和地区纷纷出台了围绕数据使用与保护的公共政策，系统回顾美国、欧盟、英国和中国数据治理政策的历史沿袭，归纳其数据治理的政策框架特征，在国际比较的基础上得出对中国数据治理政策的3个启示：数据治理政策应基于国家核心利益并与本国数字经济发展相适应；应兼顾数据利用与保护两个方面，促进创新和治理的共同进步；应突出数字基础设施与数据标准的建设与引领作用。

As a new type of production factor, data has many characteristics that are different from traditional production factors. Data has become the focus of public policy in various countries in the wave of fourth industrial revolution. The United States, European Union, United Kingdom, and China, as leaders and catch-up's of the international competitive landscape in the fields of big data and artificial intelligence, have recently introduced many public policies around data use and protection. This article systematically reviews the historical lineage of the four countries' policies, summarizes the characteristics of their data governance policy frameworks, and based on an international comparison presents three enlightenments for future development of China’ s data governance policies. First, data governance policies should be based on national core interests and compatible with the development of China's digital economy. Second, both data utilization and protection should be considered in order to promote the common development of innovation and governance. Finally, the construction and leadership of digital infrastructure and data standards should be highlighted.