新兴生命科技领域中人-动物嵌合体研究意义重大，同时其在公众厌恶、对“非自然”和模糊物种界限的担忧、对嵌合体生物伦理地位的不确定、有损人性尊严以及滑坡论等方面存有巨大的伦理、社会争议，进而给当下法律规则和治理体系带来前所未有的挑战。研究认为，基于人-动物嵌合体研究不可否认的益处以及潜藏的伦理、社会争议，争议因具体研究类型而异，不应简单地允许或禁止一切嵌合体研究，而应采取密切监控、个案分析的适应性灵活治理策略。从法律与伦理规范、审查与监督管理、公众探讨与科学传播等多个维度提出治理策略相关建议，以争生命科技领域发展与伦理限制之二维平衡，保障该领域健康有序发展。
As an emerging biotechnology, the study of human-animal chimeras is of great significance. However, there are huge ethical and social controversies which bring unprecedented challenges to the current legal rules and governance system. This paper argues that based on the undeniable benefits of research on human-animal chimeras and its potential ethical and social issues, as well as issues in accordance with specific types of research, we should not simply allow or prohibit all researches in this field but rather adopt the adaptive and flexible governance strategy of close monitoring and case by case analysis. The paper puts forward suggestions on governance strategies from the perspectives of law and ethical norms, review and supervision, public debates and scientific dissemination, so as to strike a balance between biotechnological progress and ethical restrictions and ensure healthy and orderly development of the research field.
[1] 颜厥安. 鼠肝与虫臂的管制——法理学与生命伦理探究[M]. 北京:北京大学出版社, 2006:109.
[2] Ronald S G, Micha D, Benjamin E R, et al. Integration and differentiation of human embryonic stem cells transplanted to the chick embryo[J]. Developmental Dynamics, 2002, 225:80-86.
[3] Scott B. Chimera and the continuum of humanity:Erasing the line of constitutional personhood[J]. Emory Law Journal, 2006, 55:347-387.
[4] Jun W, Aida P, Masahiro S, et al. Interspecies chimerism with mammalian pluripotent stem cells[J]. Cell, 2017, 168:473-486.
[5] Rui F, Dawei Y, Jilong R, et al. Domesticated cynomolgus monkey embryonic stem cells allow the generation of neonatal interspecies chimeric pigs[J]. Protein Cell, doi:10.1007/s13238-019-00676-8.
[6] Danish Council of Ethics. Man or mouse? Ethical aspects of chimaera research[R]. Copenhagen:Danish Council of Ethics, 2007.
[7] Mark G, Kathryn S, Shoji T, et al. Moral issues of humannonhuman primate neural grafting[J]. Science, 2005, 309(5733):385-386.
[8] Alysson R M, Kinichi N, Nicolas T, et al. Development of functional human embryonic stem cell derived neuros in mouse brain[J]. PNAS, 2005, 102:18644-18648.
[9] Wu J, Platero L A, Gil M, et al. Generation of human organs in pigs via interspecies blastocyst complementation[J]. Reproduction in Domestic Animals, 2016, 51:18-24.
[10] 黄柳. 中国器官捐献与移植新动向[J]. 中国医院院长, 2014(7):38-39.
[11] Bioethics Advisory Committee of Singapore. Human-animal combinations in stem cell research[R]. Singapore:Bioethics Advisory Committee of Singapore, 2010.
[12] Jamie S. The other stem-cell debate[N]. New York Times, 2005-04-01.
[13] Midgley. Biotechnology and monstrosity-why we should pay attention to the "Yuk Factor"[J]. Hastings Center Report, 2000, 30(5):7-15.
[14] Julian S. Discussing disgust:on the folly of gross-out public policy. An interview with Martha Nussbaum[EB/OL].[2004-07-15]. http://www.reason.com/news/show/33316.html.
[15] 滕菲, 李建军. 人兽嵌合体创造和应用研究中的伦理问题[J]. 自然辩证法研究, 2011(27):77-81.
[16] 李锐锋, 鲁琴. 关于人兽嵌合体技术的伦理辩护[J]. 医学与哲学(人文社会医学版), 2009, 30(8):8-9.
[17] Göran H. Ethical considerations in chimera research[J]. Development, 2015, 142(1):3-5.
[18] Jason S R, Francoise B. Crossing species boundaries[M]. London:Palgrave Macmillan, 2003:139-144.
[19] Julian S. Genetically modified animals:should there be limits to engineering the animal kingdom?[M]. Boston:Oxford University Press, 2013:641.
[20] Karpowicz P, Cohen C B, van der Kooy D. It is ethical to transplant human stem cells into nonhuman embryos[J]. Nature Medicine, 2004, 10(4):331-335.
[21] Christine M K. Fellow creatures:Kantian ethics and our duties to animals[M]. Michigan:Tanner Lecture on Human Values, 2004:19.
[22] Robert S. At the edge of humanity:Human stem cells, chimeras, and moral status[J]. Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal, 2006, 15(4):347-470.
[23] Greene M, Schill K, Takahashi S, et al. Moral issues in human-non-human primate neural grafting[J]. Science, 2005, 309:385-386.
[24] Insoo H. The ethics of chimera creation in stem cell research[J]. Current Stem Cell Reports, 2018, 4:235-239.
[25] Josephine J, Christopher H E. Chimeras and "human dignity"[J]. American Journal of Bioethics, 2003, 3(3):W6-W8.
[26] 伊曼努尔·康德. 道德形而上学原理[M]. 上海:上海人民出版社, 2005:23-69.
[27] 张挪. 涉及人类神经系统的人兽嵌合体的伦理思考[J]. 自然辩证法通讯, 2018, 40(8):15-20.
[28] Andrea L B. Chimeras, hybrids, and interspecies research politics and policymaking[M]. Washington DC:Georgetown University Press, 2009:32.
[29] Gazzaniga M. The ethical brain:the science of our moral dilemmas[M]. New York:Harper Perennial, 2006:18.
[30] David B R. Owning the genome:A moral analysis of DNA patenting[M]. New York:State University of New York Press, 2004:124-128.
[31] Animal-to-human transplants:The ethics of xenotransplantation[M]. London:Nuffield Council on Bioethics,1996:37-66.
[32] John R. Human-animal chimeras:Some experiments can disquietingly blur the line between species[EB/OL].[2005-07-27]. https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/human-animal-chimeras.
[33] Guidelines for stem cell research and clinical translation[S]. Skokie:ISSCR, 2016.
