爆炸事故是乏燃料后处理设施潜在事故的一种重要类型。为汲取国外发生的后处理设施爆炸事故的经验教训，对国外有记载的11起爆炸事故的原因和后果进行了统计分析，形成了对中国后处理设施爆炸事故的预防措施和缓解措施的经验反馈。经验反馈结果表明，后处理设施爆炸事故预防措施设计应关注：蒸发设备中进料TBP含量和酸度控制，避免溶解设备中意外放热反应发生，确保高放废液贮存设备冷却系统的有效性，避免硝酸类物质在贮存设备中意外蒸干以及避免人因失误；后处理设施爆炸事故缓解措施应关注：包容屏障的爆炸热荷载、爆炸力学荷载以及泄爆措施设计，高放废液应急冷却措施设计以及适宜的应急行动设计。
Causes and consequences of the 11 recorded explosion accidents in foreign countries are summarized and analyzed, and experience feedbacks of preventive measures and mitigation measures for explosion accidents in reprocessing facilities in China are thus formed. In particulars, for the preventive measures for explosion accidents in reprocessing facilities, one should pay attention to controling TBP content and acidity in the evaporation equipment, avoiding accidental exothermic reactions in the dissolution equipment, ensuring the effectiveness of the cooling system of the high-level waste liquid storage equipment, avoiding nitric acid substances accidental evaporation to dryness in storage equipment, and avoiding human error as well. For mitigation measures one should focus on the design of containment barriers for explosive thermal loads, explosive mechanical loads, explosion relief measures, the design of emergency cooling measures for high-level waste liquid and the design of appropriate emergency action as well.
[1] 国家核安全局. HAF301-1993民用核燃料循环设施安全规定[S]//国家核安全局. 中华人民共和国核与辐射安全法规汇编[G]. 北京:法律出版社, 2014:303-311.
[2] International Atomic Energy Agency. Safety of nuclear fuel cycle facilities[S]. Vienna:International AtomicEnergy Agency, 2017.
[3] 国家核安全局. 核安全与放射性污染防治"十三五" 规划及2025年远景目标[EB/OL].[2019-10-17]. http://nnsa.mee.gov.cn/qmgjanjyr/zywj/201704/t20170414_411587.html.
[4] 国家核安全局. HAF J0051乏燃料后处理厂潜在事故的假设[S]. 北京:国家核安全局, 1995.
[5] 罗上庚. 放射性废物处理与处置[M]. 北京:中国环境科学出版社, 2007:129-130.
[6] Bixler N E, Gelbard F, Louis D L Y, et al. NUREG/CR-7232 Review of spent fuel reprocessing and associated accident phenomena[R]. Washington, D C:United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission, 2017.
[7] Andreev G, Antipin Y, Bennett B, et al. 托木斯克后处理厂的放射事故[R]. 吴德强, 译. 维也纳:国际原子能机构, 1998.
[8] Randall N R, David M G, William Y, et al. DNFSB/TECH-33 control of red oil explosions in defense nuclear facilities[R]. Washington D C:Defense Nuclear Facilities Safety Board, 2003.
[9] 李思凡, 卢涛, 陈勇, 等. GB 11929-2011高水平放射性废液贮存厂房设计规定[S]. 北京:中国标准出版社, 2011.
[10] 国家核安全局. HAF J0050乏燃料后处理厂设计安全准则[S]. 北京:国家核安全局, 1995.
[11] 生态环境部. 核燃料后处理设施安全要求(试行)[S]. 北京:生态环境部, 2018.
