Ultramarathon draws more and more attention in recent decades with the development of long distance endurance running. Though amateur ultramarathon athletes in China have achieved major breakthroughs in competitions around the world, researches of related injuries remain inadequate. 10 amateur ultramarathon runners are included in this research, their ultramarathon competition related injuries are retrospectively analyzed correlating with gender, age, years of participation and counts of finish. Incidence of knee injuries is higher in male athletes while incidence of ankle injuries is higher in female; incidence of knee injuries positively correlates with counts of finish while incidence of ankle injuries correlates negatively. Injury locations insignificantly correlate with age, years of participation, event distance and shorter-distance participation.
[1] Spittler J, Oberle L. Current trends in ultramarathon running[J]. Current Sports Medicine Reports, 2019, 18(11):387-393.
[2] Waldvogel K J, Nikolaidis P T, Di Gangi S, et al. Women reduce the performance difference to men with increasing age in ultra-marathon running[J]. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 2019, 16(13):2377.
[3] Waśkiewicz Z, Nikolaidis P T, Chalabaev A, et al. Motivation in ultra-marathon runners[J]. Psychology Research and Behavior Management, 2019(12):31.
[4] Hoffman M D. Participant opinions and expectations about medical services at ultramarathons:Findings from the ultrarunners longitudinal TRAcking (ULTRA) Study[J]. Cureus, 2019, 11(9):e5800.
[5] Lopes A D, Hespanhol L C, Yeung S S, et al. What are the main running-related musculoskeletal injuries[J]. Sports Medicine, 2012, 42(10):891-905.
[6] Hoffman M D, Krishnan E. Health and exercise-related medical issues among 1212 ultramarathon runners:Baseline findings from the Ultrarunners Longitudinal TRAcking (ULTRA) Study[J]. PloS One, 2014, 9(1):e83867.
[7] Hohl R, de Rezende F N, Millet G Y, et al. Blood cardiac biomarkers responses are associated with 24 h ultramarathon performance[J]. Heliyon, 2019, 5(6):e01913.
[8] Rothwell O, George K, Somauroo J, et al. Right ventricular structure and function in the veteran ultramarathon runner:Is there evidence for chronic maladaptation[J]. Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography, 2018, 31(5):598-605..
[9] Gatti A A, Noseworthy M D, Stratford P W, et al. Acute changes in knee cartilage transverse relaxation time after running and bicycling[J]. Journal of Biomechanics, 2017, 53:171-177.
[10] Hoppel F, Calabria E, Pesta D, et al. Physiological and pathophysiological responses to ultramarathon running in non-elite runners[J]. Frontiers in Physiology, 2019(10):1300.
[11] Grosicki G J, Durk R P, Bagley J R. Rapid gut microbiome changes in a world-class ultramarathon runner[J]. Physiological Reports, 2019, 7(24):e14313.
[12] Knowles S B, Marshall S W, Guskiewicz K M. Issues in estimating risks and rates in sports injury research[J]. Journal of Athletic Training, 2006, 41(2):207.
[13] Almekinders L C, Engle C R. Common and uncommon injuries in ultra-endurance sports[J]. Sports Medicine and Arthroscopy Review, 2019, 27(1):25-30.
[14] Knechtle B, Nikolaidis P T. Physiology and pathophysiology in ultra-marathon running[J]. Frontiers in Physiology, 2018(9):634.
[15] Kazimierczak M, Dąbrowska A, Adamczewska K, et al. The impact of modern ultramarathons on shaping the social identity of runners. The case study of karkonosze winter ultramarathon[J]. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 2020, 17(1):116.
[16] Schütz U H W, Ellermann J, Schoss D, et al. Biochemical cartilage alteration and unexpected signal recovery in T2* mapping observed in ankle joints with mobile MRI during a transcontinental multistage footrace over 4486 km[J]. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage, 2014, 22(11):1840-1850.
[17] Freund W, Weber F, Billich C, et al. The foot in multistage ultra-marathon runners:Experience in a cohort study of 22 participants of the Trans Europe Footrace Project with mobile MRI[J]. BMJ Open, 2012, 2(3):e001118.
[18] Van Ginckel A, Baelde N, Almqvist K F, et al. Functional adaptation of knee cartilage in asymptomatic female novice runners compared to sedentary controls. A longitudinal analysis using delayed Gadolinium Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Cartilage (dGEMRIC)[J]. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage, 2010, 18(12):1564-1569.
[19] Mosher T J, Liu Y, Torok C M. Functional cartilage MRI T2 mapping:Evaluating the effect of age and training on knee cartilage response to running[J]. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage, 2010, 18(3):358-364.
[20] Rutkauskas S, Venckunas T, Snieckus A, et al. Lesions in the legs do not preclude ultra-marathon running for 100 days without pain:Case report[J]. Journal of Musculoskeletal & Neuronal Interactions, 2019, 19(2):220.
[21] Theysohn J M, Kraff O, Maderwald S, et al. MRI of the ankle joint in healthy non-athletes and in marathon runners:Image quality issues at 7.0 T compared to 1.5 T[J]. Skeletal Radiology, 2013, 42(2):261-267.
[22] Hesper T, Miese F R, Hosalkar H S, et al. Quantitative T2* assessment of knee joint cartilage after running a marathon[J]. European Journal of Radiology, 2015, 84(2):284-289.
[23] Dar G, Waddington G, Stern M, et al. Differences between long distance road runners and trail runners in Achilles tendon structure, jumping and balance performance[J]. PM&R, 2019, doi:10.1002/pmrj.12296.
[24] Iwańska D, Mróz A, Wójcik A, et al. Strength abilities in men 50+ as an effect of long-distance run training[J]. American Journal of Men's Health, 2019, 13(3):1557988319859108.
[25] Vernillo G, Doucende G, Cassirame J, et al. Energetically optimal stride frequency is maintained with fatigue in trained ultramarathon runners[J]. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 2019, 22(9):1054-1058.
[26] O'Loughlin E, Nikolaidis P T, Rosemann T, et al. Different predictor variables for women and men in ultra-marathon running-the Wellington urban ultramarathon 2018[J]. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 2019, 16(10):1844.
[27] Johansen K K, Hulme A, Damsted C, et al. Running injury development:The attitudes of middle-and long-distance runners and their coaches[J]. International Journal of Sports Physical therapy, 2017, 12(4):634.