气象卫星是重要的国家基础性、战略性空间系统。美国极轨气象卫星体系通过融合美国国防部、美国海洋和大气管理局及欧洲气象卫星组织各自的极轨气象卫星系统，实现了全球全天时的持续覆盖能力。为获取高时效性全球范围气象卫星资料，近年来美国一直在探索气象卫星的转型发展。在梳理美国极轨气象卫星发展历程的基础上，分析了其多种转型探索，包括对美国国家海洋和大气管理局开展的新一代卫星架构研究项目，试点采购商业气象卫星数据，开展气象小卫星关键技术及载荷研究等。
Meteorological satellite is an important national basic and strategic space system. Especially in recent years, environmental problems have become increasingly severe, natural disasters have occurred frequently, and modern wars have put forward higher requirements for meteorological satellites in terms of accurate measurement of cloud conditions, ocean waves, atmospheric temperature, pressure, wind speed and other parameters. Although the polar-orbiting weather satellite system of the United States has achieved continuous global all-weather coverage by integrating the respective polar-orbiting weather satellite systems of DOD, NOAA, and EUMET, NOAA has been exploring the transformation and development of meteorological satellites, and has carried out a variety of transformation explorations such as new generation of satellite architecture research, pilot procurement of commercial meteorological satellite data, and research on key technologies of meteorological small satellites. This article reviews these transformation explorations to provide reference for the development of China's meteorological satellites.
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