综述

半挥发性有机污染物的人体暴露评估方法

  • 张子豪 ,
  • 王琰
展开
  • 大连理工大学环境学院, 工业生态与环境工程教育部重点实验室, 大连 116024
张子豪,硕士研究生,研究方向为有机污染物人体暴露,电子信箱:a2340969@163.com

收稿日期: 2020-06-08

  修回日期: 2020-06-24

  网络出版日期: 2021-12-21

基金资助

国家自然科学基金面上项目(21976023);中央高校基本科研业务费专项(DUT19LK43)

Assessment of human exposure to semivolatile organic pollutants

  • ZHANG Zihao ,
  • WANG Yan
Expand
  • School of Environmental Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China

Received date: 2020-06-08

  Revised date: 2020-06-24

  Online published: 2021-12-21

摘要

半挥发性有机物(SVOCs)的人体暴露研究已成为环境研究领域的热点。传统的人体暴露评估方法(如血液组织检测等)具有侵入性、复杂性、成本高、样品难获得等缺点。新型被动采样方法以其非侵入性、简单易行、易于接受等优点逐渐受到了广泛关注。总结了非饮食人体暴露评估的方法,重点介绍了人体暴露评估的新兴被动采样技术,包括硅胶腕带、硅胶胸针、手擦拭样、衣服等,其中硅胶手环和硅胶胸针以其廉价易得、易于被接受和稳定性好等优点逐渐得到了广泛应用;此外,利用衣服作为SVOCs人体暴露研究的手段,也具有良好的发展潜力和应用前景。

本文引用格式

张子豪 , 王琰 . 半挥发性有机污染物的人体暴露评估方法[J]. 科技导报, 2021 , 39(22) : 65 -74 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2021.22.008

Abstract

The assessment of the human exposure to the semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs) is one of the hotspots in the environmental research field. The traditional methods (such as the blood and urine tests) have the disadvantages of invasiveness, complexity, high cost, and difficulty in collecting samples, among others. Novel passive sampling technologies were developed, which are non-intrusive, simple and convenient, and practicable. This paper reviews the human exposure assessment methods, including the model calculation based on the SVOC concentrations in the environmental matrices (e.g., air or dust), the invasive sampling, and the passive sampling, focusing on the emerging novel passive sampling technologies, including the silicone wristband, the silicone brooch, the hand wipe, and the clothing. Currently, the silicone wristband and brooch and the hand wipe samplings are widely used due to their advantages, such as the low price, the ease to use, the acceptability, and the good stability. The hand wipe can be used to capture the exposures via the hand-to-mouth contact and the dermal absorption. Meanwhile, the clothing is a novel passive sampling technology, which can be used to capture both gaseous and particle SVOCs. Therefore, using clothing to assess the human exposure has a good promise in its development and application.

参考文献

[1] Weschler C J, Nazaroff W W. Semivolatile organic compounds in indoor environments[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2008, 42(40):9018-9040.
[2] WHO. Indoor air quality:Organic pollutants[J]. Environmental Technology Letters, 1989, 10(9):855-858.
[3] Raffy G, Mercier F, Glorennec P, et al. Oral bioaccessibility of semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) in settled dust:A review of measurement methods, data and influencing factors[J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2018, 352:215-227.
[4] Dobaradaran S, Mahvi A H, Nabizadeh R, et al. Hazardous organic compounds in groundwater near tehran automobile industry[J]. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 2010, 85(5):530-533.
[5] Li X, Hou L, Li Y, et al. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and black carbon in intertidal sediments of China coastal zones:Concentration, ecological risk, source and their relationship[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2016, 566:1387-1397.
[6] Bonvallot N, Mandin C, Mercier F, et al. Health ranking of ingested semi-volatile organic compounds in house dust:an application to France[J]. Indoor Air, 2010, 20(6):458-472.
[7] Giulivo M, de Alda M L, Capri E, et al. Human exposure to endocrine disrupting compounds:Their role in reproductive systems, metabolic syndrome and breast cancer. A review[J]. Environmental Research, 2016, 151:251-264.
[8] Wong K H, Durrani T S. Exposures to endocrine disrupting chemicals in consumer products-a guide for pediatricians[J]. Current Problems in Pediatric and Adolescent Health Care, 2017, 47(5):107-118.
[9] Dixon H M, Scott R P, Holmes D, et al. Silicone wristbands compared with traditional polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon exposure assessment methods[J]. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 2018, 410(13):3059-3071.
[10] Aylward L L, Hays S M, Smolders R, et al. Sources of variability in biomarker concentrations[J]. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health-Part B-Critical Reviews, 2014, 17(1):45-61.
[11] Koch H M, Aylward L L, Hays S M, et al. Inter-and intra-individual variation in urinary biomarker concentrations over a 6-day sampling period. Part 2:Personal care product ingredients[J]. Toxicology Letters, 2014, 231(2):261-269.
[12] Shoeib M, Harner T. Characterization and comparison of three passive air samplers for persistent organic pollutants[J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2002, 36(19):4142-4151.
[13] Manzano C A, Dodder N G, Hoh E, et al. Patterns of personal exposure to urban Pollutants using personal passive samplers and GC×GC/ToF-MS[J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2019, 53(2):614-624.
[14] Okeme J O, Nguyen L V, Lorenzo M, et al. Polydimethylsiloxane (silicone rubber) brooch as a personal passive air sampler for semi-volatile organic compounds[J]. Chemosphere, 2018, 208:1002-1007.
[15] Nguyen L V, Diamond M L, Venier M, et al. Exposure of Canadian electronic waste dismantlers to flame retardants[J]. Environment International, 2019, 129:95-104.
[16] Poutasse C M, Herbstman J B, Peterson M E, et al. Silicone pet tags associate tris(1, 3-dichloro-2-isopropyl) phosphate exposures with feline hyperthyroidism[J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2019, 53(15):9203-9213.
[17] Castro-Jimenez J, Gonzalez-Gaya B, Pizarro M, et al. Organophosphate ester flame retardants and plasticizers in the global oceanic atmosphere[J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2016, 50(23):12831-12839.
[18] Li W, Wang Y, Kannan K. Occurrence, distribution and human exposure to 20 organophosphate esters in air, soil, pine needles, river water, and dust samples collected around an airport in New York state, United States[J]. Environment International, 2019, 131:105054.
[19] USEPA. Exposure factors handbook, 2011 edition[R]. Washington DC:U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011.
[20] USEPA. Exposure factors handbook chapter 5(update):Soil and dust ingestion[R]. Washington DC:U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2017.
[21] USEPA. Risk assessment guidance for superfund volume I:Human health evaluation manual (Part E, supplemental guidance for dermal risk assessment)[R]. Washington DC:Office of Superfund Remediation and Technology Innovation, 2004.
[22] USEPA. Child-specific exposure scenarios examples (final report)[R]. Washington DC:U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2014.
[23] Li J, Zhang Z, Ma L, et al. Implementation of USEPA RfD and SFO for improved risk assessment of organophosphate esters (organophosphate flame retardants and plasticizers)[J]. Environment International, 2018, 114:21-26.
[24] Wu C C, Bao L J, Tao S, et al. Dermal uptake from airborne organics as an important route of human exposure to e-waste combustion fumes[J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2016, 50(13):6599-6605.
[25] Weschler C J, Nazaroff W W. SVOC exposure indoors:Fresh look at dermal pathways[J]. Indoor Air, 2012, 22(5):356-377.
[26] Cao D, Guo J, Wang Y, et al. Organophosphate esters in sediment of the great lakes[J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2017, 51(3):1441-1449.
[27] Li W, Shi Y, Gao L, et al. Occurrence, distribution and risk of organophosphate esters in urban road dust in Beijing, China[J]. Environmental Pollution, 2018, 241:566-575.
[28] Cao Z, Xu F, Covaci A, et al. Distribution patterns of brominated, chlorinated, and phosphorus flame retardants with particle size in indoor and outdoor dust and implications for human exposure[J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2014, 48(15):8839-8846.
[29] Qiao L, Zheng X-B, Yan X, et al. Brominated flame retardant (BFRs) and Dechlorane Plus (DP) in paired human serum and segmented hair[J]. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 2018, 147:803-808.
[30] Chen M, Jiang J, Gan Z, et al. Grain size distribution and exposure evaluation of organophosphorus and brominated flame retardants in indoor and outdoor dust and PM10 from Chengdu, China[J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2019, 365:280-288.
[31] Hammel S C, Hoffman K, Webster T F, et al. Measuring personal exposure to organophosphate flame retardants using silicone wristbands and hand wipes[J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2016, 50(8):4483-4491.
[32] Ali N, Ali L, Mehdi T, et al. Levels and profiles of organochlorines and flame retardants in car and house dust from Kuwait and Pakistan:Implication for human exposure via dust ingestion[J]. Environment International, 2013, 55:62-70.
[33] Fromme H, Lahrz T, Kraft M, et al. Organophosphate flame retardants and plasticizers in the air and dust in German daycare centers and human biomonitoring in visiting children (LUPE 3)[J]. Environment International, 2014, 71:158-163.
[34] Yadav I C, Devi N L, Zhong G, et al. Occurrence and fate of organophosphate ester flame retardants and plasticizers in indoor air and dust of Nepal:Implication for human exposure[J]. Environmental Pollution, 2017, 229:668-678.
[35] Xu H, Guinot B, Cao J, et al. Source, health risk and composition impact of outdoor very fine particles (VFPs) to school indoor environment in Xi'an, Northwestern China[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2018, 612:238-246.
[36] Fabianska M J, Kozielska B, Konieczynski J, et al. Occurrence of organic phosphates in particulate matter of the vehicle exhausts and outdoor environment:A case study[J]. Environmental Pollution, 2019, 244:351-360.
[37] USEPA. Supplemental guidance for developing soil screening levels for superfund sites[R]. Washington D C:Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response, 2001.
[38] USEPA. Supplemental guidance for developing soil screening levels for superfund sites[R]. Washington D C:United States Environmental Protection Agency, 2002.
[39] Zhang Z, Wang Y, Tan F, et al. Characteristics and risk assessment of organophosphorus flame retardants in urban road dust of Dalian, Northeast China[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2020, 705:135995.
[40] Hogan K, Marcus A, Smith P, et al. Integrated exposure uptake biokinetic model for lead in children:Empirical comparisons with epidemiologic data[J]. Environmental Health Perspectives, 1998, 106:1557-1567.
[41] Ali M U, Liu G, Yousaf B, et al. Pollution characteristics and human health risks of potentially (eco) toxic elements (PTEs) in road dust from metropolitan area of Hefei, China[J]. Chemosphere, 2017, 181:111-121.
[42] Kucharska A, Covaci A, Vanermen G, et al. Non-invasive biomonitoring for PFRs and PSDEs:New insights in analysis of human hair externally exposed to selected flame retardants[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2015, 505:1062-1071.
[43] Alves A, Covaci A, Voorspoels S. Method development for assessing the human exposure to organophosphate flame retardants in hair and nails[J]. Chemosphere, 2017, 168:692-698.
[44] Qiao L, Zheng X-B, Zheng J, et al. Legacy and currently used organic contaminants in human hair and hand wipes of female e-waste dismantling workers and workplace dust in South China[J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2019, 53(5):2820-2829.
[45] Liu L Y, He K, Hites R A, et al. Hair and nails as noninvasive biomarkers of human exposure to brominated and organophosphate flame retardants[J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2016, 50(6):3065-3073.
[46] Schramm K W. Hair-biomonitoring of organic pollutants[J]. Chemosphere, 2008, 72(8):1103-1111.
[47] Kucharska A, Cequier E, Thomsen C, et al. Assessment of human hair as an indicator of exposure to organophosphate flame retardants. Case study on a Norwegian mother-child cohort[J]. Environment International, 2015, 83:50-57.
[48] Zheng J, Luo X J, Yuan J G, et al. Levels and sources of brominated flame retardants in human hair from urban, e-waste, and rural areas in South China[J]. Environmental Pollution, 2011, 159(12):3706-3713.
[49] Zheng J, Chen K H, Luo X J, et al. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in paired human hair and serum from e-waste recycling workers:Source apportionment of hair PBDEs and relationship between hair and serum[J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2014, 48(1):791-796.
[50] Poon S, Wade M G, Aleksa K, et al. Hair as a biomarker of systemic exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers[J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2014, 48(24):14650-14658.
[51] Zhang H, Chai Z, Sun H. Human hair as a potential biomonitor for assessing persistent organic pollutants[J]. Environment International, 2007, 33(5):685-693.
[52] Zhao G, Wang Z, Dong M H, et al. PBBs, PBDEs, and PCBs levels in hair of residents around e-waste disassembly sites in Zhejiang Province, China, and their potential sources[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2008, 397(1-3):46-57.
[53] Hoffman K, Garantziotis S, Birnbaum L S, et al. Monitoring indoor exposure to organophosphate flame retardants:Hand wipes and house dust[J]. Environmental Health Perspectives, 2015, 123(2):160-165.
[54] Cequier E, Sakhi A K, Marce R M, et al. Human exposure pathways to organophosphate triesters-a biomonitoring study of mother-child pairs[J]. Environment International, 2015, 75:159-165.
[55] Esteban M, Castano A. Non-invasive matrices in human biomonitoring:A review[J]. Environment International, 2009, 35(2):438-449.
[56] Angerer J, Ewers U, Wilhelm M. Human biomonitoring:State of the art[J]. International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health, 2007, 210(3-4):201-228.
[57] Liang S, Xu F, Tang W, et al. Brominated flame retardants in the hair and serum samples from an e-waste recycling area in Southeastern China:The possibility of using hair for biomonitoring[J]. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2016, 23(15):14889-14897.
[58] Liu L Y, Salamova A, He K, et al. Analysis of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and emerging halogenated and organophosphate flame retardants in human hair and nails[J]. Journal of Chromatography A, 2015, 1406:251-257.
[59] Zhao X, Chen T, Wang D, et al. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers and decabromodiphenyl ethane in paired hair/serum and nail/serum from corresponding chemical manufacturing workers and their correlations to thyroid hormones, liver and kidney injury markers[J]. The Science of the total environment, 2020, 729:139049-139049.
[60] Chen Y, Cao Z, Covaci A, et al. Novel and legacy flame retardants in paired human fingernails and indoor dust samples[J]. Environment International, 2019, 133:105227.
[61] Slotnick M J, Nriagu J O. Validity of human nails as a biomarker of arsenic and selenium exposure:A review[J]. Environmental Research, 2006, 102(1):125-139.
[62] Hammel S C, Hoffman K, Phillips A L, et al. Comparing the use of silicone wristbands, hand wipes, and dust to evaluate children's exposure to flame retardants and plasticizers[J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2020, 54(7):4484-4494.
[63] Wang S, Romanak K A, Stubbings W A, et al. Silicone wristbands integrate dermal and inhalation exposures to semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs)[J]. Environment International, 2019, 132:105104.
[64] Watkins D J, McClean M D, Fraser A J, et al. Exposure to PBDEs in the office environment:Evaluating the relationships between dust, handwipes, and serum[J]. Environmental Health Perspectives, 2011, 119(9):1247-1252.
[65] Stapleton H M, Eagle S, Sjoedin A, et al. Serum PBDEs in a North Carolina toddler cohort:Associations with handwipes, house dust, and socioeconomic variables[J]. Environmental Health Perspectives, 2012, 120(7):1049-1054.
[66] Tan H, Chen D, Peng C, et al. Novel and traditional organophosphate esters in house dust from South China:Association with hand wipes and exposure estimation[J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2018, 52(19):11017-11026.
[67] Gong M, Weschler C J, Liu L, et al. Phthalate metabolites in urine samples from Beijing children and correlations with phthalate levels in their handwipes[J]. Indoor Air, 2015, 25(6):572-581.
[68] Phillips A L, Hammel S C, Hoffman K, et al. Children's residential exposure to organophosphate ester flame retardants and plasticizers:Investigating exposure pathways in the TESIE study[J]. Environment International, 2018, 116:176-185.
[69] Hammel S C, Levasseur J L, Hoffman K, et al. Children's exposure to phthalates and non-phthalate plasticizers in the home:The TESIE study[J]. Environment International, 2019, 132:105061.
[70] Liu X, Cao Z, Yu G, et al. Estimation of exposure to organic flame retardants via hand wipe, surface wipe, and dust:Comparability of different assessment strategies[J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2018, 52(17):9946-9953.
[71] Gong M, Weschler C J, Zhang Y. Impact of clothing on dermal exposure to phthalates:Observations and insights from sampling both skin and clothing[J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2016, 50(8):4350-4357.
[72] Cao Z, Zhao L, Zhang Y, et al. Influence of air pollution on inhalation and dermal exposure of human to organophosphate flame retardants:A case study during a prolonged haze episode[J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2019, 53(7):3880-3887.
[73] Kile M L, Scott R P, O'Connell S G, et al. Using silicone wristbands to evaluate preschool children's exposure to flame retardants[J]. Environmental Research, 2016, 147:365-372.
[74] O'Connell S G, Kind L D, Anderson K A. Silicone wristbands as personal passive samplers[J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2014, 48(6):3327-3335.
[75] Anderson K A, Points G L III, Donald C E, et al. Preparation and performance features of wristband samplers and considerations for chemical exposure assessment[J]. Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology, 2017, 27(6):551-559.
[76] Romanak K A, Wang S, Stubbings W A, et al. Analysis of brominated and chlorinated flame retardants, organophosphate esters, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in silicone wristbands used as personal passive samplers[J]. Journal of Chromatography A, 2019, 1588:41-47.
[77] Paulik L B, Hobbie K A, Rohlman D, et al. Environmental and individual PAH exposures near rural natural gas extraction[J]. Environmental Pollution, 2018, 241:397-405.
[78] Bergmann A J, North P E, Vasquez L, et al. Multi-class chemical exposure in rural Peru using silicone wristbands[J]. Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology, 2017, 27(6):560-568.
[79] Aerts R, Joly L, Szternfeld P, et al. Silicone wristband passive samplers yield highly individualized pesticide residue exposure profiles[J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2018, 52(1):298-307.
[80] Harley K G, Parra K L, Camacho J, et al. Determinants of pesticide concentrations in silicone wristbands worn by Latina adolescent girls in a California farmworker community:The COSECHA youth participatory action study[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2019, 652:1022-1029.
[81] Hammel S C, Phillips A L, Hoffman K, et al. Evaluating the use of silicone wristbands to measure personal exposure to brominated flame retardants[J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2018, 52(20):11875-11885.
[82] Anderson K G, Fogh C L, Byrne M A, et al. Radiation dose implications of airborne contaminant deposition to humans[J]. Health Physics, 2002, 82(2):226-232.
[83] Morrison G C, Weschler C J, Beko G. Dermal uptake of phthalates from clothing:Comparison of model to human participant results[J]. Indoor Air, 2017, 27(3):642-649.
[84] Pawar G, Abdallah M A-E, de Saa E V, et al. Dermal bioaccessibility of flame retardants from indoor dust and the influence of topically applied cosmetics[J]. Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology, 2017, 27(1):100-105.
[85] Licina D, Morrison G C, Beko G, et al. Clothing-mediated exposures to chemicals and particles[J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2019, 53(10):5559-5575.
[86] Morrison G C, Anderson H V, Gunnarsen L, et al. Partitioning of PCBs from air to clothing materials in a Danish apartment[J]. Indoor Air, 2018, 28(1):188-197.
[87] Saini A, Thaysen C, Jantunen L, et al. From clothing to laundry water:Investigating the fate of phthalates, brominated flame retardants, and organophosphate esters[J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2016, 50(17):9289-9297.
[88] Eftekhari A, Morrison G C. A high throughput method for measuring cloth-air equilibrium distribution ratios for SVOCs present in indoor environments[J]. Talanta, 2018, 183:250-257.
[89] Saini A, Okeme J O, Mark Parnis J, et al. From air to clothing:Characterizing the accumulation of semi-volatile organic compounds to fabrics in indoor environments[J]. Indoor Air, 2017, 27(3):631-641.
[90] Beko G, Morrison G, Weschler C J, et al. Measurements of dermal uptake of nicotine directly from air and clothing[J]. Indoor Air, 2017, 27(2):427-433.
[91] Beko G, Morrison G, Weschler C J, et al. Dermal uptake of nicotine from air and clothing:Experimental verification[J]. Indoor Air, 2018, 28(2):247-257.
[92] Morrison G C, Weschler C J, Beko G, et al. Role of clothing in both accelerating and impeding dermal absorption of airborne SVOCs[J]. Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology, 2016, 26(1):113-118.
[93] Wang Y, Peris A, Rifat M R, et al. Measuring exposure of e-waste dismantlers in Dhaka Bangladesh to organophosphate esters and halogenated flame retardants using silicone wristbands and T-shirts[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2020, 720:137480.
文章导航

/