厨余垃圾已成为法定分类处理的垃圾组分。农村厨余垃圾产生点分散，适合就近处理和产物就地利用，实现有机质还田和植物养分循环。因此，农村厨余垃圾的处理方式区别于城市。中国通过实践已形成了一系列特征性的农村厨余垃圾处理技术。采用实地调查的方法，结合技术原理，分析了这些处理技术存在的原料预处理、转化条件和产物利用问题，提出了针对性改进建议。
The recent amendment to the Law of the People's Republic of China on Prevention and Control of Solid Waste Pollution clearly states in the General Rules that the whole country implements the policy of municipal solid waste source segregation Additionally, considering the 57th article that the local administration in charge of environment and sanitation is responsible for the resource recovery and pollution control of food waste, food waste then formally becomes a formal physical component in the waste management system. Since the generation sources of rural food waste disperse it is more preferable to treat rural food waste and utilize the treatment product in situ for returning organics into fields and nutrients recycling. Therefore, a series of treatment technologies special for rural food waste have been developed. However, these technologies lead to some new problems related to environmental sanitation and economic efficiency. This study analyzes the technical features and problems involved in the scale-up treatment facilities for rural food waste, and puts forward some suggestions for improvement so as to establish a basis for improvement and standardization of the related technologies.
[1] 吕凡, 章骅, 邵立明, 等. 基于物质流分析餐厨垃圾厌氧消化工艺的问题与对策[J]. 环境卫生工程, 2017, 25(1):1-9.
[2] 何品晶, 章骅, 吕凡, 等. 我国小城镇生活垃圾处理的现状、基础条件与适宜模式[J]. 农业资源与环境学报, 2015, 32(2):116-120.
[3] 何品晶, 曾阳, 唐家富, 等. 城市生活垃圾初期降解挥发性有机物释放特征[J]. 同济大学学报(自然科学版), 2010, 38(6):854-858, 869.
[4] 何品晶, 章骅, 吕凡, 等. 村镇生活垃圾处理模式及技术路线探讨[J]. 农业环境科学学报, 2014, 33(3):409-414.
[5] He P J. Municipal solid waste in rural areas of developing country:Do we need special treatment mode?[J]. Waste Management, 2012, 32(7):1289-1290.
[6] 吕凡, 章骅, 郝丽萍, 等. 易腐垃圾就近就地处理技术浅析[J]. 环境卫生工程, 2020, 28(5):1-7.
[7] 毕峰, 李相儒, 韩泽东, 等. 我国农村易腐垃圾机器成肥产品质量评价——以杭州市为例[J]. 农业环境科学学报, 2018, 37(5):1016-1022.
[8] Lin H, Ye J, Sun W C, et al. Solar composting greenhouse for organic waste treatment in fed-batch mode:Physicochemical and microbiological dynamics[J]. Waste Management, 2020, 113:1-11.
[9] Hassen A, Belguith K, Jedidi N, et al. Microbial characterization during composting of municipal solid waste[J]. Bioresource Technology, 2001, 80(3):217-225.
[10] 陈活虎, 何品晶, 吕凡, 等. 腐熟堆肥接种对蔬菜废物中高温好氧降解过程的影响[J]. 环境化学, 2006, 25(4):444-448.
[11] 朱炳辰. 化学反应工程[M]. 5版. 北京:化学工业出版社, 2012.
[12] 黄得扬, 陆文静, 王洪涛. 有机固体废物堆肥化处理的微生物学机理研究[J]. 污染治理技术与设备, 2004, 5(1):12-18.
[13] 张玉成, 朱建林, 李兵. 太阳能-生物反应器处理厨余垃圾的研究[J]. 安徽农业科学, 2011, 39(1):588-590.
[14] 何品晶, 邵立明, 宗兵年, 等. 一种强制与自然通风结合的废弃物高温堆肥化方法:ZL 200410016078.9[P]. 2004-02-04.
[15] 中华人民共和国农业部. NY/T 90-2014:农村户用沼气发酵工艺规程[M]. 北京:中国农业出版社, 2014.
[16] Lü F, Hao L P, Guan D X, et al. Synergetic stress of acids and ammonium on the shift in the methanogenic pathways during thermophilic anaerobic digestion of organics[J]. Water Research, 2013, 47(7):2297-2306.
[17] 韩睿, 朱德锐, 陈来生. 青海户用沼气池料液温度变化特征及对产气的影响[J]. 中国沼气, 2016, 34(6):95-100.
[18] Čičková H, Newton G L, Lacy R C, et al. The use of fly larvae for organic waste treatment[J]. Waste Management, 2015, 35:68-80.
