全球气候变化形势严峻的背景下,实现碳达峰、碳中和目标已成为减缓气候变化的共识,建设韧性城市也成为适应气候变化的新理念和新途径。梳理了应对气候变化的低碳韧性城市研究进展;总结了美国波士顿、丹麦哥本哈根、加拿大温哥华等城市减缓和适应气候变化的实践经验,并探讨了如何通过规划应对气候变化;提出应将低碳韧性理念纳入中国国土空间规划体系,从而促进“双碳”目标和韧性城市建设的实现。
Against the backdrop of the severe global climate change, it is a consensus to achieve the goal of the carbon peaking and the carbon neutrality for the climate change mitigation. At the same time, building resilient cities is a new concept and a new way to adapt to the climate change. This paper reviews the studies of the low-carbon resilient cities in response to the climate change, focusing on the practical experience of the climate change mitigation and adaptation in Boston, the United States, Copenhagen, Denmark and Vancouver, Canada, including how to address the climate change through planning. The concept of the low-carbon resilience is proposed to be incorporated into China's territorial spatial planning system to provide a planning support for the realization of the dual-carbon goal and the resilience construction.
[1] United Nations Environment Programme. Adaptation gap report 2021:The gathering storm:Adapting to climate change in a post-pandemic world[R]. Nairobi:UNEP, 2021.
[2] IPCC. Climate change 2021:The physical science basis[R/OL]. (2021-08-07)[2021-11-20]. https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_Full_Report_smaller.pdf.
[3] 蔡云楠, 李晓辉, 吴丽娟. 广州生态城市规划建设的困境与创新[J]. 规划师, 2015(8):87-92.
[4] Organisation for economic cooperation and development, managing environmental and energy transitions for regions and cities[R]. Paris:OECD, 2020.
[5] Bongaarts J. Special report on climate change and land use, intergovernmental panel on climate change, 2018[J]. Population and Development Review, 2019, 45(4):936-937.
[6] World Bank. Cities and climate change:An urgent agenda[EB/OL].[2021-11-20]. Washington DC:The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/the World Bank, 2011.
[7] United Nations-Habitat. Cities and climate change:Global report on human settlements 2011[R]. London:UN, 2011.
[8] 姜维, 金磊, 中国城市综合减灾对策[M]. 北京:中国建筑工业出版社, 1992.
[9] 杨静, 殷鹏, 曾新颖, 等. 2006-2016年中国室外空气污染的归因死亡分析[J]. 中华流行病学杂志, 2018, 39(11):1449-1453.
[10] Hong C, Zhang Q, Zhang Y, et al. Impacts of climate change on future air quality and human health in China[J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2019, 116(35):201812881.
[11] Department of Trade and Industry. UK energy white paper:our energy future-creating a low carbon economy[R]. London:TSO, 2003.
[12] de Jong M, Joss S, Schraven D, et al. Sustainable-smartresilient-low carbon-eco-knowledge cities; making sense of a multitude of concepts promoting sustainable urbanization[J]. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2015, 109:25-38.
[13] 刘志林, 戴亦欣, 董长贵, 等. 低碳城市理念与国际经验[J]. 城市发展研究, 2009(6):1-7.
[14] 郑艳, 王文军, 潘家华. 低碳韧性城市:理念, 途径与政策选择[J]. 城市发展研究, 2013, 20(3):5.
[15] United Nations Climate Change. United Nations framework convention on climate change, UNFCCC[R]. Newyork:UNCC, 1992.
[16] United Nations Climate Change. United Nations Climate Change[R]. Kyoto:UNCC, 1997.
[17] National Public Utilities Council. Race to net zero:Carbon neutral goals by country[R]. Sponsored Content:UPUC, 2021.
[18] Holling C S. Resilience and stability of ecological systems[J]. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 1973, 4(4):1-23.
[19] Mileti D S. Disasters by design:A reassessment of Natural Hazards in the US[J]. Ameaças, 1999, 8(10):699.
[20] Resilience Alliance. Urban resilience research prospectus[R/OL].[2022-12-03]. http://www.resalliance.org/index.php/urban_resilience.
[21] Daniele S, David C. A coopetitive model for the green economy[J]. Economic Modelling, 2012, 29(4):1215-1219.
[22] Cutter S L, Barnes L, Berry M, et al. A place-based model for understanding community resilience to natural disasters[J]. Global Environmental Change-Guildford, 2008, 7:13.
[23] Fang G, Tian L, Mei S, et al. Analysis and application of a novel three-dimensional energy-saving and emission-reduction dynamic evolution system[J]. Energy, 2012, 40(1):291-299.
[24] Shuoqi W, Reed D A. Vulnerability and robustness of civil infrastructure systems to hurricanes[J]. Frontiers in Built Environment, 2017, doi:10.3389/fbuil.2017.00060.
[25] Xiang Q C, Feng X P, Jia X Y, et al. Reducing carbon dioxide emissions through energy saving renovation of existing buildings[J]. Aerosol & Air Quality Research, 2019, 19:2732-2745.
[26] Sachs L. A robust strategy for sustainable energy[J]. Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, 2005, 2005(2):215-269.
[27] Campbell C D, Lilly A, Towers W, et al. Land use and a low-carbon society[J]. Earth & Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 2012, 103(2):165-173.
[28] Naim K. Culture of preparedness:Household disaster preparedness[J]. Disaster Prevention & Management, 2008, 17(4):526-535.
[29] Folke C, Hahn T, Olsson P, et al. Adaptive governance of social-ecological systems[J]. Annual Review of Environment and Resources, 2005, 15(30):441-473.
[30] Lebel L, Anderies J M, Campbell B, et al. Governance and the capacity to manage resilience in regional social ecological systems[J]. Ecology and Society, 11(1):19.
[31] Brown G, Roughgarden J. Biodiversity loss:An ecological economy:Notes on harvest and growth[M]. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 1995.
[32] Parsons K C, Schuyler D. From garden city to green city:The legacy of Ebenezer Howard[M]. Baltimore:Johns Hopkins University Press, 2002.
[33] Costanza R. Nature:Ecosystems without commodifying them[J]. Nature, 2006, 443(7113):749.
[34] He X, Lin M, Chen T L, et al. Implementation plan for low-carbon resilient city towards sustainable development goals:Challenges and perspectives[J]. Aerosol & Air Quality Research, 2020, 20:444-464.
[35] USGCRP. Global change research program. impacts, risks, and adaptation in the United States:Fourth national climate assessment[R]. Washington DC:USGCRP, 2018.
[36] Boston City Hall. Imagine Boston 2030[R/OL].[2021-11-11]. https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_Full_Report_smaller.pdf.
[37] Boston Environment Department. City of Boston climate action plan[R/OL].[2021-11-11]. https://www.boston.gov/sites/default/files/embed/file/201910/city_of_boston_2019_climate_action_plan_update_4.pdf.
[38] Boston city hall go Boston 2030[R/OL].[2021-11-11]. https://www.boston.gov/sites/default/files/file/document_files/2019/06/go_boston_2030_-_full_report.pdf.
[39] Boston environment department. climate ready Boston[R/OL].[2021-11-11]. https://www.boston.gov/sites/default/files/file/2019/12/02_20161206_executivesummary_digital.pdf.
[40] Boston Planning & Development. Coastal flood resilience design guidelines[EB/OL].[2021-11-05]. http://www.bostonplans.org/getattachment/d1114318-1b95-487cbc36-682f8594e8b2.
[41] Copenhagen Citizen Service. Copenhagen climate adaptation plan[R/OL].[2021-11-09]. https://international.kk.dk/sites/default/files/2021-09/Copenhagen%20Climate%20Adaptation%20Plan%20-%202011.pdf.
[42] The city of Copenhagen cloudburst management plan 2012[R/OL].[2021-11-05]. https://international.kk.dk/sites/default/files/2021-09/Cloudburst%20Management%20plan%202010.pdf.
[43] Technical and environmental administration. 2025 Copenhagen climate plan[R/OL].[2021-11-05]. https://kk.sites.itera.dk/apps/kk_pub2/index.asp?mode=detalje&id=2062.
[44] Vancouver Council. Greenest city 2020 action plan[R/OL].[2021-11-05]. https://vancouver.ca/files/cov/Greenest-city-action-plan.pdf.
[45] Vancouver Council. Climate change adaptation strategy[R/OL].[2021-11-15]. https://vancouver.ca/files/cov/Vancouver-Climate-Change-Adaptation-Strategy-2012-11-07.pdf.
[46] Vancouver council, climate emergency action plan 2020 to 2025[R/OL].[2021-11-15]. https://vancouver.ca/files/cov/climate-emergency-action-plan-summary.pdf.
[47] Metro Vancouver. Climate 2050 Discussion Paper[EB/OL].[2022-02-22]. http://www.metrovancouver.org/services/air-quality/AirQualityPublications/AQ_C2050-DiscussionPaper.pdf.
[48] The Partnership for Water Sustainability in BC. Rainwater management & rain gardens:Creating the future in the city of North Vancouver[EB/OL].[2022-02-22]. https://waterbucket.ca/rm/category/british-columbia-guidance-documents/stormwater-planning-a-guidebook-for-bc/download-the-guidebook/.