近年来，西方发达国家碳壁垒政策制定议程显著提速，旨在争夺全球应对气候变化的主导权及国际贸易规则制定权，以此影响全球产业格局及分工。在梳理欧盟碳边境调节机制（CBAM）、循环经济行动计划（CEAP）、欧盟新电池法规、美国清洁竞争法案（CCA）等国际碳壁垒主要法案的基础上，分析了碳壁垒政策对中国的影响，包括出口贸易体系发展受阻、企业出口成本增加、增加产业情报暴露风险等，剖析了应对机制缺失、制度政策和技术标准体系不够健全、企业认知不足及技术支撑未形成合力等问题，提出了强化政策顶层设计、加强国际气候磋商交流、健全碳核算认证标准体系、完善碳市场机制建设、构建绿色低碳产业体系、技术服务支撑保障等对策建议。
The developed countries' agenda of carbon barrier policies has significantly accelerated in recent years, with essence to gain the dominance of addressing global climate change and the right to formulate international trade rules, so as to affect the global industrial structure and division of labor. The latest progresses of the EU Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM), the Circular Economy Action Plan (CEAP), EU Battery Law and US Clean Competition Act (CCA) are reviewed in this paper. International carbon barriers will bring Chian a series of negative impacts including hindering the development of the export trade system, increasing the export costs, and increasing the risk of industrial intelligence exposure. The main problems include lack of coping mechanism, insufficient institutional policy and technical standards, weak awareness of barriers, and poor synergy from various supports. In view of these, we put forward countermeasures and governance suggestions:building comprehensive policies scheme for tackling carbon barriers, promoting multilateral climate consultation mechanisms, improving the carbon accounting certification standard system, improving Chinese carbon emission trading market mechanism, reshaping the green and low-carbon industrial supply chain, and strengthening financial and technical service supports.
[1] 周金铁.低碳壁垒对我国纺织服装出口的影响及对策[J].北方经贸, 2018(11):14-17.
[2] 中华人民共和国中央人民政府. 2022年我国外贸进出口增长7.7%总值突破40万亿元创新高[EB/OL].(2023-01-13)[2023-08-07]. https://www.gov.cn/xinwen/2023-01/13/content_5736830.htm.
[3] 丁纯,曹雪琳.欧盟碳边境调节机制对中国贸易的影响:基于动态递归GTAP-E模型的模拟分析[J].世界经济研究, 2024(2):18-33.
[4] 王谋,吉治璇,康文梅,等.欧盟"碳边境调节机制"要点、影响及应对[J].中国人口·资源与环境, 2021, 31(12):45-52.
[5] 许英明,李晓依.欧盟碳边境调节机制对中欧贸易的影响及中国对策[J].国际经济合作, 2021(5):25-32.
[6] 刘夏青,梁本凡,丁晓涵.新绿色贸易壁垒:欧盟碳边境调节机制对中国纺织服装行业发展的影响[J].价格月刊, 2023(3):23-31.
[7] 付甜甜,任杰,万力,等.欧盟新电池法对我国锂离子电池行业制造和出口的启发[J].电源技术, 2023, 47(7):834-837.
[8] 刘南,乔凡宸,师婉睿,等.欧盟新能源汽车动力电池回收利用的法律制度与启示——基于欧盟《新电池法》的分析[J].环境影响评价, 2022, 44(6):44-49.
[9] 罗锦程,闫景武,邓毅,等.我国动力电池碳足迹核算体系的问题及对策[C]//中国环境科学学会2022年科学技术年会——环境工程技术创新与应用分会场论文集(四).北京:中国环境科学学会, 2022:4.
[10] 廖虹云,康艳兵,赵盟.欧盟新版循环经济行动计划政策要点及对我国的启示[J].中国发展观察, 2020(11):55-58.
[11] 刘斌,赵飞.欧盟碳边境调节机制对中国出口的影响与对策建议[J].清华大学学报(哲学社会科学版), 2021, 36(6):185-194, 210.
[12] 赵振鹏,刘培华.欧美开征碳关税对我国贸易收支的影响研究[J].北方金融, 2022(7):52-55.
[13] 李岚春,陈伟.欧美碳边境调节机制比较及对我国影响与启示研究[J].世界科技研究与发展, 2023, doi:10.16507/j.issn.1006-6055.2023.03.004.
[14] 姜婷婷,徐海燕.欧盟碳边境调节机制的性质、影响及我国的应对举措[J].国际贸易, 2021(9):38-44.
[15] European Commission. EU Green Deal-reporting obliga-tions during the transitional period of the carbon border adjustment mechanism[EB/OL].(2023-06-13)[2023-08-07]. https://ec.europa.eu/info/law/better-regulation/haveyour-say/initiatives/13873-EU-Green-Deal-reportingobligations-during-the-transitional-period-of-the-carbon-border-adjustment-mechanism_en.
[16] 李晓晨,王运革,徐晨.欧盟公布"碳边境调节机制"中国对欧盟出口将遭遇新挑战[EB/OL].(2021-07-20)[2023-08-07]. deloitte-cn-tax-tap3442021-zh-210721.
[17] 中华人民共和国商务部.欧盟发布四项可持续产品法规草案[EB/OL].(2022-05-25)[2023-08-07]. http://eu.mofcom.gov.cn/article/zxhz/tzwl/202302/202302033914-46.shtml.
[18] 王丽洁.我国新能源企业出海欧盟市场的机遇、挑战及对策[J].对外经贸实务, 2023(6):26-30.
[19] European Commission. The European Battery Alliance:Progress made and the way forward[EB/OL].(2022-02-23)[2023-04-11]. https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/qanda_22_1257.
[20] 王林.英国考虑引入碳关税机制不排除与欧盟联合[EB/OL].(2023-04-10)[2023-08-09]. http://paper.people.com.cn/zgnyb/html/2023-04/10/content_25976153.htm.
[21] 蓝庆新.国际碳关税发展趋势析论[J].现代国际关系, 2010(9):1-6.
[22] 亢荣.碳边界调节机制真的会来吗?[J].电器工业, 2021(6):24-27.
[23] 中华人民共和国商务部. 2022年欧中贸易增长22.8%[EB/OL].(2023-02-17)[2023-08-07]. http://chinawto.mofcom.gov.cn/article/jsbl/zcfg/202205/20220503314121.shtml.
[24] 中华人民共和国海关总署.海关统计数据在线查询平台[EB/OL].(2023-08-07)[2023-08-07]. http://stats.customs.gov.cn.
[25] 唐惠珽,邵剑华,夏旗.浅析欧盟碳关税对我国钢铁出口成本的冲击[J].冶金经济与管理, 2023(4):11-14.
[26] The World Bank. Carbon pricing dashboard[EB/OL].(2023-03-31)[2023-08-07]. https://carbonpricingdashboard.worldbank.org/map_data.
[27] 中华人民共和国商务部.俄计划于2022年年中启动碳交易市场[EB/OL].(2021-11-16)[2023-12-07]. http://ru.mofcom.gov.cn/article/jmxw/202111/20211103217656.shtml.
[28] Yana Z. Navigating uncharted waters Russia's evolving reactions to the CBAM and the European green deal[M/OL]. Berlin:Heinrich Böll Foundation.[2023-12-07]. https://www.boell.de/sites/default/files/2021-12/E-Paper%20%23171Navigating%20Uncharted%20Waters%23187.
[29] United Nations. UN supports vietnamese producers impacted by the EU's carbon border adjustment mechanism[EB/OL].(2023-04-25)[2023-08-07]. vietnam.un.org/en/228929-un-supports-vietnamese-producers-impactedeus-carbon-border-adjustment-mechanism.
[30] 熊超然.巴西就欧盟征收碳边境税诉诸COP28讨论,被曝获得多个大型新兴经济体支持[EB/OL].(2023-12-06)[2023-12-09]. https://www.guancha.cn/internation/2023_12_06_718068.shtml?s=zwytt.
[31] Tomas Gutierrez. South Korea to negotiate CBAM recognition[EB/OL].(2022-10-04)[2023-08-07]. https://www.kallanish.com/en/news/steel/market-reports/article-details/south-korea-to-negotiate-cbam-recognition-1022.
[32] 肖京,张洁.碳关税的国际现状与我国的应对之策[J].中国石油大学学报(社会科学版), 2023, 39(4):12-21.
[33] 梁云鹏.欧洲碳关税CBAM对我国经济的影响及建议[J].产业创新研究, 2023(1):96-98.
