This paper systematically reviews drilling operations and sample data accumulation under the International Ocean Drilling Program over five decades, highlighting its groundbreaking scientific achievements in geodynamics, climatic evolution, origin and evolution of life, and marine natural hazards. It further examines future trajectories for ocean drilling in operational frameworks, data management and utilization, and scientific goal formulation under evolving global contexts. Despite expanding drilling depths and scopes through half a century, vast unexplored oceanic regions and unresolved scientific challenges persist worldwide. With the retirement of the U.S. JOIDES Resolution, the joint European-Japanese initiation of IODP3, and China's newly commissioned 'Meng Xiang' drilling vessel, the IODP landscape faces transformative restructuring. Chinese scientists should align with national strategic priorities, track cutting-edge disciplines, strengthen international collaboration, leverage comparative advantages, and secure leadership in forthcoming scientific ocean drilling endeavors.
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