锂-空气电池是通过金属锂与空气中的O2反应产生电能，它的理论比容量高达3828mAh/g，在电动汽车等领域展现出重要的应用前景。本文综述了近年来锂-空气电池领域的最新研究进展，对有机体系、有机-水混合体系与固态体系三类锂-空气电池的结构与原理进行了分析。总结了有机体系的多孔碳空气电极、催化剂、电解液等方面的研究工作。多孔碳的孔容是决定空气电极比容量最重要的结构参数，具有高孔容的多孔碳可以为放电过程中生成的氧化锂提供更多的储存空间，从而表现出高的比容量，多孔碳的比表面积与平均孔径对比容量也有重要的影响；合适的电催化剂可以有效的降低氧还原反应与析氧反应的过电压，从而提高能量效率；具有高极性、低黏度、低吸湿性、高溶解氧的电解液有利于改善电池的相关性能。总结了有机-水混合体系的隔膜、电解液等方面的研究工作。对有机相与水相电解液均具有良好抗化学腐蚀性的超级锂离子导通玻璃膜是目前有机-水混合体系研究的关键。总结了固态体系最新的研究进展。此外，展望了锂-空气电池领域今后的发展方向。
Lithium-air batteries, based on the reaction of lithium with oxygen from air, have very high theoretical specific capacity of 3828 mAh/g and have important potential applications for electric vehicles. This paper reviews the new progress of studies of lithium-air batteries. The structure and operation mechanism of the aprotic system, hybrid aprotic-aqueous system, and solid state system are analyzed. The air electrode, catalyst, and electrolyte of the aprotic system are discussed in detail. The pore volume of the porous carbon is an important structural parameter for the specific capacity of the air electrode. The porous carbon with a large pore volume would possess a high specific capacity because it can provide a large space for lithium oxides formed during the dicharge process. The specific surface area and the average pore size of the porous carbon also affect the specific capacity. Appropriate catalysts can effectively reduce the overpotentials for the oxygen reduction reaction and the oxygen evolution reaction, and consequently, increase the energy efficiency of the battery. The electrolyte with high polarity, low viscosity, low moisture adsorption, and high oxygen solubility is preferable for the performance of the battery. The separator and the electrolyte of the hybrid aprotic-aqueous system are also discussed. The lithium super-ionic conductor glass film with good stability in both aprotic and aqueous electrolyte is very important for the hybrid aprotic-aqueous system. The recent development of the solid state system is commented, including the development direction of this field.
