从研发经费、研发人员、论文、专利、知识密集型产业、创新型企业和机构等6个维度，分析了《国家中长期科学与技术发展规划纲要（2006—2020年）》实施前后中国与主要创新型国家的科技创新水平。总结了中国近15年来取得的长足进步：中国成为全球第二研发投入大国，高被引学者数量跃居世界第2位，高被引论文、专利申请和授权总量等科技产出快速攀升至全球首位，知识密集型产业规模及其出口保持快速增长。揭示了中国在研发经费投入结构、顶尖人才、技术竞争力等方面的差距和不足：研发投入强度尚未跨越主要创新型国家2.5%的临界点，基础研究投入占比仍明显偏低；R&D研究人员数量不仅基数低而且增长非常缓慢，企业研发人员占比不升反降；专利授权率长期偏低，与美、日、德、韩差距明显；创新活动仍局限于少数企业，创新型龙头企业匮乏。提出了多元化投入、人才培养和集聚、关键核心技术供给、数量和质量指标并重等方面的建议。
Focusing on the implementation of the National Medium- and Long-Term Program for the Development of Science and Technology (2006-2020), a comparative analysis of the science, technology and innovation levels of China and major innovative countries is conducted from six dimensions including R&D funding, R&D personnel, papers, patents, knowledge-intensive industries, and innovators. The great progress that China has made for the past 15 years is summarized. China has become the world's second largest R&D investment country, the number of highly cited scholars has jumped to the second place in the world. The numbers of highly cited papers, applied and granted patents have grown rapidly to the top in the world, the scale of knowledge-intensive industries and their exports have maintained rapid growth. On the other hang gaps and deficiencies in China's R&D investment structure, top talents, technological competitiveness, etc are revealed. The R&D intensity has not exceeded the critical point of 2.5% and the proportion of basic research investment is still significantly low. The number of R&D researchers is small and the growth is very slow. The proportion of corporate R&D personnel has generally shown a slight-downward trend. In terms of patent quality, there is still a significant gap between China and the United States, Japan, Germany and South Korea. Innovation activities are still limited to a few companies and innovative leading companies are scarce. Several suggestions are proposed in terms of diversified investment, talent training and gathering, effective supply of core technologies, and equal attention on quantity and quality indicators.
[1] 王志刚. 新时代建设科技强国的战略路径[J]. 中国科学院院刊, 2019, 34(10):1112-1116.
[2] 孙云杰, 玄兆辉. 从《全球创新指数2018》 看中国创新能力[J]. 评价与管理, 2018, 16(4):23-26.
[3] 刘辉锋.《欧洲创新记分牌2018》评价结果及对我国的启示[J]. 科技中国, 2019(6):36-38.
[4] 巩玥, 罗彧, 曹学伟. 世界经济论坛发布《2018年度全球竞争力报告》——国家和地区分析(III)[J]. 今日科苑, 2019(7):16-23.
[5] 邢超, 石玲.《2016-2017年全球竞争力报告》 与中国表现的比较分析[J]. 全球科技经济瞭望, 2017, 32(1):60-72.
[6] Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development. OECD Science, Technology and industry scoreboard 2017:The digital transformation[R]. Paris:Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2017.
[7] National Science Board. The state of U.S. science & engineering[R]. Washington:National Science Board, 2020.
[8] 刘建生, 玄兆辉, 吕永波. 创新型国家研发经费投入模式及其启示[J]. 中国科技论坛, 2015(3):5-11.
[9] 曾国屏, 谭文华. 国际研发和基础研究强度的发展轨迹及其启示[J]. 科学学研究, 2003(2):43-45.
[10] Galindo-Rueda F, Verger F. OECD taxonomy of economic activities based on R&D intensity[R]. Paris:Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2016.
