当前，世界处于百年未有之大变局，全球科技合作呈现出“合作与竞争交织”的状态。中国和俄罗斯科技合作历史悠久，基础良好，双方基于科技经济融合的共同目标开展科技合作前景广阔。通过分析当前中俄科技合作的新背景，包括两国建立全面战略协作伙伴关系，共同面对“科技冷战”，共同面临后新冠肺炎疫情时期的科技挑战等，阐释了中俄双方科技合作的新目标，包括聚焦科技经济融合、强化基础研究、打造创新生态系统。针对新背景与新目标，提出中俄科技合作应坚持面向经济主战场的合作目标，突出产业链与创新链有效衔接的合作导向，巩固体现比较优势的合作基础，拓展基于创新要素的合作方式。

The world today is marked by unprecedented changes in a century, and the international science and technology (S&T) cooperation is in an intertwined state of cooperation and competition. Sino-Russian S&T cooperation has a long history with sound foundation and broad prospects on the common goal of integration of S&T and economy. This paper analyzes the new background of Sino-Russian S&T cooperation, including the establishment of a comprehensive strategic partnership between the two countries, facing together the "technological cold war", and the common S&T challenges in the post COVID-19 period. The new goals of Sino-Russian S&T cooperation include the integration of S&T and economy, strengthening basic researches, and creating an innovation ecosystem. In view of the new background and the new goals, it is proposed that Sino-Russian S&T cooperation should adhere to the goal of economic growth, highlight the cooperation orientation of the effective connection of the industrial chain and the innovation chain, consolidate the cooperation basis that reflects the comparative advantages, and expand the cooperation methods based on the elements in the innovation system.