To reduce the energy consumption of electric vehicle heating system, a cascade heating system with multiple heat sources distributed based on waste heat recycling was designed. Firstly, the thermal load of the carriage was analyzed and calculated, providing a basis for the selection and matching of heating components. To explore the heating sequence and heat production, a heat release model for the power battery, drive motor, and controller was built, and simulation analysis using ANSYS was conducted to explore heat release laws. Considering the impact of heat released by drivers and passengers on the temperature inside the vehicle, a pyroelectric infrared technology was designed to detect the number of drivers and passengers, in order to estimate their heat release. A cascade collaborative heating method with multiple heat sources distributed was designed, and the optimal heating method could be selected in a timely manner based on the heat release law of the heat sources, environmental temperature, and the number of drivers and passengers. Finally, low-temperature tests were conducted on the heating air system, and the results showed that after operating for 2 hours at an ambient temperature of -22℃, compared with traditional electric vehicle heating, the proposed method saved 31.1% and 63.6% energy, respectively, verifying its superiority.
[1] 魏一凡, 韩雪冰, 卢兰光, 等. 面向碳中和的新能源汽车与车网互动技术展望[J]. 汽车工程, 2022, 44(4): 449- 464.
[2] 杨世春, 周思达, 周新岸, 等. 动力电池云端管理关键技术研究综述[J]. 机械工程学报, 2023, 59(10): 134-151.
[3] 王亚楠, 韩雪冰, 卢兰光, 等. 电动汽车动力电池研究展望: 智能电池、智能管理与智慧能源[J]. 汽车工程, 2022, 44(4): 617-637.
[4] 武龙星, 庞辉, 晋佳敏, 等. 基于电化学模型的锂离子电池荷电状态估计方法综述[J]. 电工技术学报, 2022, 37(7): 1703-1725.
[5] 王从飞, 曹锋, 李明佳, 等. 碳中和背景下新能源汽车热管理系统研究现状及发展趋势[J]. 科学通报, 2021, 66(32): 4112-4128.
[6] Park S M, Kim S D, Chun S K J, et al. Development of intelligent-controlled high voltage PTC for eco-friendly EV [C]//In Proceedings of the Spring Conference of KSME. Seoul, Korea: Korea Society of Mathematical Education, 2011: 144-147.
[7] Shin Y H, Sim S, Kim S C. Performance characteristics of a modularized and integrated PTC heating system for an electric vehicle[J]. Energies, 2015, 9(1): 18.
[8] Kim K Y, Kim S C, Kim M S. Experimental studies on the heating performance of the PTC heater and heat pump combined system in fuel cells and electric vehicles [J]. International Journal of Automotive Technology, 2012, 13(6): 971-977.
[9] Kang H S, Sim S, Shin Y H. A numerical study on the light-weight design of PTC heater for an electric vehicle heating system[J]. Energies, 2018, 11(5): 1276.
[10] Lee J T, Kwon S, Lim Y, et al. Effect of air-conditioning on driving range of electric vehicle for various driving modes[J]. SAE Technical Paper, 2013, (12): 1-12.
[11] Madani H. Heat pump systems: Market and technological trend, KTH[J]. Department of Energy Technology, 2015, 21(2): 267-275.
[12] Nishimura T. "Heat pumps—Status and trends" in Asia and the Pacific[J]. International Journal of Refrigeration, 2002, 25(4): 405-413.
[13] Liu J D, Sun Y Y, Wang W, et al. Performance evaluation of air source heat pump under unnecessary defrosting phenomena for nine typical cities in China[J]. International Journal of Refrigeration, 2017, 74(5): 385-398.
[14] Lee D. Experimental study on the heat pump system using R134a refrigerant for zero-emission vehicles[J]. International Journal of Automotive Technology, 2015, 16(6): 923-928.
[15] Steiner A, Rieberer R. Parametric analysis of the defrosting process of a reversible heat pump system for electric vehicles[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2013, 61(2): 393-400.
[16] Wang D D, Yu B B, Hu J C, et al. Heating performance characteristics of CO 2 heat pump system for electrical vehicle in a cold climate[J]. International Journal of Refrigeration, 2018(85): 27-41.
[17] Ma G, Zhao H. Performance prediction for heat pump system with flash tank coupled with scroll compressor[J]. International Journal of Ambient Energy, 2010, 31(3): 153-160.
[18] Yang X L, Ma Z H, Yang L, et al. Thermal management system of electric vehicle based on heat pump[J]. Central South University Science and Technology, 2016, (47) 8: 2855-2863.
[19] Penning A K, Weibel J A. Assessing the influence of glass properties on cabin solar heating and range of an electric vehicle using a comprehensive system model[J]. Applied Energy, 2023, 56(2): 336-339.
[20] Torregrosa-Jaime B, Corberán J M, Payá J, et al. Thermal characterisation of compact heat exchangers for air heating and cooling in electric vehicles[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2017, 115(3): 774-781.
[21] Li K, Luo S X, Yu J, et al. An experimental investigation on frosting characteristics of a microchannel outdoor heat exchanger in an air conditioning heat pump system for electric vehicles[J]. International Journal of Energy Research, 2020, 44(9): 7807-7819.
[22] Colmenar-Santos A, Alberdi-Jiménez L, Nasarre-Cortés L, et al. Residual heat use generated by a 12 kW fuel cell in an electric vehicle heating system[J]. Energy, 2014, 68(3): 182-190.
[23] Guo S S, Xiong R, Wang K, et al. A novel echelon internal heating strategy of cold batteries for all-climate electric vehicles application[J]. Applied Energy, 2018, 219(11): 256-263.
[24] Ding P, Wang Z, Wang Y, et al. A distributed multipleheat source staged heating method in an electric vehicle [J]. Renewable Energy, 2020, 150(3): 1010-1018.
[25] Yu G Q, Qiang J. Research on the performance of solar and air-source heat pump combined heating systems[C]// Proceedings of Asia-Pacific Power and Energy Engineering Conference. Piscataway, NJ: IEEE, 2010: 1-4.
[26] Jiang L, Wang R Z, Li J B, et al. Performance analysis on a novel sorption air conditioner for electric vehicles [J]. Energy Conversion and Management, 2018, 156(1): 515-524.
[27] Tete P R, Gupta M M, Joshi S S. Developments in battery thermal management systems for electric vehicles: A technical review[J]. Journal of Energy Storage, 2021, 35(2): 102255.
[28] 龙恩深, 王勇. 空调汽车停-启时车内温变特性的理论分析与实验检验[J]. 重庆建筑大学学报, 2003, 25(6): 83-88.
[29] 丁鹏, 王忠, 葛如海, 等. 新能源汽车的多热源分段协同制热系统[J]. 汽车工程, 2020, 42(3): 375-382.
[30] 谷正气, 申红丽, 杨振东, 等. 汽车空调风道改进及对乘员热舒适性影响分析[J]. 重庆大学学报, 2013, 36(8): 91-96.
[31] 李隽杰, 宋立涛, 隽春玲. 电动汽车空调与采暖系统的设计与参数匹配[J]. 汽车电器, 2014(6): 4-8.
[32] 刘斌, 杨昭, 朱能, 等. 舒适性与空调系统能耗研究[J]. 天津大学学报, 2003, 36(4): 489-492.
[33] 丁鹏, 王忠, 葛如海, 等. 新能源汽车暖风分段制热控制系统[J]. 汽车安全与节能学报, 2017, 8(3): 303-309.
[34] 罗玉涛, 罗卜尔思, 郎春艳. 锂离子动力电池组的直接接触液体冷却方法研究[J]. 汽车工程, 2016, 38(7): 909-914.
[35] Bernardi D, Pawlikowski E, Newman J. A general energy balance for battery systems[J]. Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 1985, 132(1): 5-12.
[36] 刘存山, 张红伟. 汽车动力电池低温加热方法研究[J]. 电源技术, 2015, 39(8): 1645-1647.
[37] 李罡, 黄向东, 符兴锋, 等. 液冷动力电池低温加热系统设计研究[J]. 湖南大学学报(自然科学版), 2017, 44(2): 26-33.
[38] 丁鹏, 邹晔, 张美娟, 等. 混合动力发动机与动力电池冷却余热双向循环预热[J]. 汽车安全与节能学报, 2021, 12(1): 125-132.
