At the end of the early Permian, the volcanic activities have a great impact on the formation and the evolution of the underlying Carboniferous hydrocarbon in the central Tarim. The volcanic activities promote the maturation and the hydrocarbon expulsion of the source rock; and also help the conducting systems to develop, such as the fault and the crack, meanwhile, make it possible to form different types of reservoirs such as the neck piercing and the volcanic dike lateral occlusion reservoirs; moreover, the volcanic activities can deform the original reservoirs to form secondary hydrocarbon reservoirs. This paper uses drilling, logging, seismic methods (including seismic attributes, reflection configurations and time slices) to identify and predict the Carboniferous volcanic rocks and the plane distribution characteristics of the volcanic rocks in the central Tarim. It is shown that the volcanic rocks in the central Tarim are mainly output in the form of the laccolite and the rock wall, and the intensity of activity gradually weakens from northwest to southeast. What is more, the thickness from the northwest to the southeast gradually decreases until check out. This study may provide some guidance for the rolling exploration and the development of petroleum in the central Tarim.