The tumor was a relatively rare disease in the long history, before the 1930s. Then first in developed countries and followed in developing countries, the tumor incidence began to increase markedly and entered the list of common diseases. Over the past 50 years, the cancer incidence as well as the mortality rates in China increase markedly and the cancer becomes the first killer among all causes of death, and the proportion has exceeded the global average. Cancer prevention becomes a grim task facing China. The paper summarizes the trends of cancer incidence and mortality, and the researches in the high incidence areas of esophageal, liver, lung and cervix uterine cancers, the development of new anticancer drugs, the development of clinical oncology, precision medicine, and proposes some suggestions for the prevention and treatment of cancer in China.