Since the founding of new China, the Chinese scientific and technological system is constantly in a way of conforming to the state's actual conditions. The characteristics of various stages are classified and a relationship between the government management and the market mechanism is proposed. The openness and the autonomy of academic organizations are paid more attention to improve the future developemnt. China's reform needs to be deepened in the following aspects:establishing and perfecting the system under the condition of the socialist market economy, promoting enterprises to become the main body of the innovation, improving the efficiency of the science and technology innovation, reform the evaluation orientation, the personnel system, the management of the science and technology funds, and strengthening the protection of the intellectual property rights.