During the past 100 years since its founding, the Communist Party of China led Chinese people in an arduous struggle against frequent natural disasters and achieved remarkable results. This paper analyzes the cognitive background of the Communist Party of China on the causes of disasters in the past hundred years and reviews the history of China's disaster relief system in the past hundred years. The institutional advantages of the Communist Party of China is evident in the disaster relief over the past century. The analyses indicate the following patterns:the counterpart assistance model, the civil-military integration model, the policy of putting the life in the first place, and the extensive international participation practices. Under the guidance of the Communist Party of China, China is experiencing a conceptual change from the disaster relief to the emergency management and then to the risk management. The technological disaster response for the diversified disasters would be more important. The socialist system with Chinese characteristics will become an inexhaustible source for the remarkable performance of the emergency management and the risk management in the future.