The improvement of seismic monitoring in subduction zone remains a challenge, especially for densely populated areas. The eruption of the Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha'apai volcano in January 2022 and subsequent earthquakes highlighted such urgency. This paper exhibits comprehensive seismological observations in Tonga, implying ongoing hazards in the short future in terms of small-scale volcanic eruptions. There is an urgent need to keep close watch on this very active volcano. Based on ocean bottom seismometer network data between 2009 and 2010 in Tonga, this paper applies novel machine learning algorithms to earthquake detections. The obtained high-resolution earthquake catalog is fundamentally important for a better understanding of the volcano structures and associated magmatic activities.
[1] Yuen D A, Scruggs M A, Spera F J, et al.Under the surface:Pressure-induced planetary-scale waves, volcanic lightning, and gaseous clouds caused by the submarine eruption of Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha'apai volcano[J].Earthquake Research Advances, 2022, 2(3):100134.
[2] Zhao W B, Sun C Q, Guo Z F.Reawaking of Tonga volcano[J].The Innovation, 2022, 3(2):100218.
[3] Menke W, Zha Y, Webb S C, et al.Seismic anisotropy indicates ridge-parallel asthenospheric flow beneath the Eastern Lau Spreading Center[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Solid Earth, 2014, 120(2):976-992.
[4] Wei S S, Zha Y, Shen W S, et al.Upper mantle structure of the Tonga-Lau-Fiji region from Rayleigh wave tomography[J].Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 2016, 17(11):4705-4724.
[5] Feuillet N, Cocco M, Musumeci C, et al.Stress interaction between seismic and volcanic activity at Mt Etna[J].Geophysical Journal International, 2006, 164(3):697-718.
[6] Pesicek J D, Ogburn S E, Prejean S G.Indicators of volcanic eruptions revealed by global M4+ earthquakes[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Solid Earth, 2021, 126(3):e2020JB021294.
[7] Poli P, Shapiro N M.Rapid characterization of large volcanic eruptions:Measuring the impulse of the Hunga Tonga Ha'apai explosion from teleseismic waves[J].Geophysical Research Letters, 2022, 49(8):e2022GL098123.
[8] Sandanbata O, Kanamori H, Rivera L, et al.Moment tensors of ring-faulting at active volcanoes:Insights into vertical-CLVD earthquakes at the Sierra Negra Caldera, Galápagos Islands[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Solid Earth, 2021, 126(6):e2021JB021693.
[9] Xu J D, Liu G M, Wu J P, et al.Recent unrest of Changbaishan volcano, northeast China:A precursor of a future eruption[J].Geophysical Research Letters, 2012, 39(16):L16305.
[10] 刘嘉麒, 陈双双, 郭文峰, 等.长白山火山研究进展[J].矿物岩石地球化学通报, 2015, 34(4):710-723.
[11] 许建东.中国活动火山监测与研究历史回顾[J].城市与减灾, 2018(5):54-59.
[12] Lemoine A, Briole P, Bertil D, et al.The 2018-2019 seismo-volcanic crisis east of Mayotte, Comoros islands:Seismicity and ground deformation markers of an exceptional submarine eruption[J].Geophysical Journal International, 2020, 223(1):22-44.
[13] Mousavi S M, Beroza G C.Deep-learning seismology[J].Science, 2022, 377(6607):eabm4470.
[14] Gong J H, Fan W Y.Seismicity, fault architecture, and slip mode of the westernmost Gofar transform fault[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Solid Earth, 2022, 127(11):e2022JB024918.
[15] Lapins S, Goitom B, Kendall J M, et al.A little data goes a long way:Automating seismic phase arrival picking at nabro volcano with transfer learning[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Solid Earth, 2021, 126(7):e2021JB021910.
[16] Koulakov I, Shapiro N.Seismic tomography of volcanoes[M]//Encyclopedia of Earthquake Engineering.Berlin Heidelberg:Springer-Verlag, 2021:1-18.
