This study fully collects public data from industry authorities, uses sampling surveys and typical survey methods, and concludes that the total number of scientific and technological workers in China by the end of 2020 is 58.3578 million. Large as the scale is, there is still considerable room for improvement in talent intensity. The study argues that young people have become the main body of scientific and technological workers in China but their innovative and creative vitality is facing many constraints. Those with bachelor's degree or above have become the main body of the workers in China but strategic scientists and first-class innovative talents are lacking. The professional structure of Chinese workers adapting to the high-quality development of economy and society needs to be improved. Maintaining a reasonable structure of academic and vocational education is an urgent task. The sense of identity and professional recognition of scientific and technological workers in China is still insufficient and it is necessary to continue to exert efforts to promote the spirit of scientists and enhance the sense of professional honor and mission.