As the sea-level rise is expected to reach 80 to 200cm in the next 100 years and inundate hundreds of coastal cities, the number of people forced to relocate globally is likely to reach hundreds of millions. Managing the retreat is increasingly becoming the first option to effectively eliminate the risk. Frequent and serious coastal disasters pose a challenge to the traditional defense idea of "man conquers nature". This paper mainly adopts the literature method to study the management retreat mechanism of coastal disaster risk areas in the US. It expounds the importance of management retreat by reviewing cases and regulations, summarizes five types of tools for implementing management retreat, namely planning, acquisition, supervision, transfer of development rights and laws, and discusses the adaptation of residents in receiving areas and ecological restoration in evacuated areas after evacuation. It is hoped that these strategies can provide reference for the withdrawal mechanism of construction land in our coastal disaster risk areas.
WANG Jiangbo
,
ZHENG Xiaoyan
,
GOU Aiping
. On the mechanism of managed retreat in disaster risk area of the coastal zone in US[J]. Science & Technology Review, 2023
, 41(17)
: 64
-77
.
DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2023.17.008
[1] Kulp S A, Strauss B H. New elevation data triple estimates of global vulnerability to sea-level rise and coastal flooding[J]. Nature Communications, 2019, 10(1): 1-12.
[2] Hino M, Field C B, Mach K J. Managed retreat as a response to natural hazard risk[J]. Nature Climate Change, 2017, 7(5): 364-370.
[3] Economics and Statistics Administration U S CENSUS BUREAU. 2020 population and housing state data[EB/OL]. [2022-08-01]. https://www. census. gov/library/visualizations/interactive/2020-population-and-housing-statedata.html.
[4] Chapter 5: Changing ocean, marine ecosystems, and dependent communities — special report on the ocean and cryosphere in a changing climate[EB/OL]. [2022-07-23]. https://www.ipcc.ch/srocc/chapter/chapter-5/.
[5] Van Rijn L C. Coastal erosion and control[J]. Ocean & Coastal Management, 2011, 54(12): 867-887.
[6] Klein R, Nicholls R J, Ragoonaden S, et al. Technological options for adaptation to climate change in Coastal Zones[J]. Journal of Coastal Research, 2001, 17(3): 531-543.
[7] 李彦平, 代京伟, 刘大海, 等. 我国海岸线退出机制的建立和完善[J]. 海洋开发与管理, 2019, 36(2): 8-13.
[8] 柯景坤 . 避灾搬迁好政策 倾心倾力为人民[J]. 老区建设, 2013(1): 27-28.
[9] Mary L. Rising Sea Levels Pose risk to institutional real estate investment[EB/OL]. [2022-07-14]. https://urbanland. uli. org/sustainability/rising-sea-levels-pose-risk-to-institutional-real-estate-investment.
[10] Chen S. New buildings rise in flood zones[EB/OL]. [2022-07-14]. https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/06/realestate/luxury/new-buildings-rise-in-flood-zones.html.
[11] 2021 年《中国海洋灾害公报》《中国海平面公报》发布[N]. 中国自然资源报, 2022-05-09(01) .
[12] Mach K J, Kraan C M, Hino M. Managed retreat through voluntary buyouts of flood-prone properties[J]. Science Advances, 2019, 5(10): eaax8995.
[13] Arístegui J, Hallberg R, Hilmi N, et al. Chapter 5: Changing ocean, marine ecosystems, and dependent communities-special report on the ocean and cryosphere in a changing climate[EB/OL]. [2022-07-23]. https://www.ipcc.ch/srocc/chapter/chapter-5.
[14] Zhong M Z, Li N L, Xiao N Y, et al. Causes of sea level rise: what the science tells us[J/OL]. [2022-01-20]. https://www.ucsusa.org/sealevelrisescience.
[15] Zillow Research Climate Central. Ocean at the door[EB/OL]. [2022-07-14]. https://www.zillow.com/research/oce-an-at-the-door-21931.
[16] Christopher Flavelle. Latest climate threat for coastal cities: More rich people[EB/OL]. [2022-07-14]. https://www. bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-04-23/the-latest-cli-mate-threat-for-coastal-cities-more-rich-people.
[17] Trusts P C. Repeatedly flood properties cost billions[EB/OL]. [2022-07-14]. https://www. pewtrusts. org/en/resear-ch-and-analysis/data-visualizations/2016/repeatedly-flooded-properties-cost-billions.
[18] Freudenberg R, Calvin E, Tolkoff L, et al. Buy-in for buyouts: The case for managed retreat from flood zones[M]. Cambridge, MA: Lincoln Institute of Land Policy, 2016.
[19] 张启舜 . 美国 1993 年密西西比河的洪水[J]. 河海科技进展, 1994, 14(1): 3.
[20] Tobin G A. The levee love affair: A stormy relationship?[J]. Journal of the American Water Resources Association, 1995, 31(3): 359-367.
[21] VanRijn L C. Coastal erosion and control[J]. Ocean and Coastal Management, 2011, 54(12): 867-887.
[22] Environmental Law Institute. Strategic partnerships and floodplain buyouts: An opportunity for wetland restoration[EB/OL]. [2022-07-23]. https://www.eli.org/research-report/strategic-partnerships-and-floodplain-buyouts-opportunity-wetland-restoration.
[23] Siders A R. Managed retreat in the United States[J]. One Earth, 2019, 1(2): 216-225.
[24] NCCARF. Managed coastal realignment projects in the UK[EB/OL]. [2022-07-14]. https://coastadapt.com.au/sit-es/default/files/case_studies/SS46_UK_Coastal_Realign-ment.pdf.
[25] Georgetown Climate Center. Managed retreat toolkit[EB/OL]. [2022-07-14]. https://www. georgetownclimate. org/ adaptation/toolkits/managed-retreat-toolkit.tml.
[26] Georgetown Climate Center. Adaptation clearinghouse[EB/OL]. [2022-07-14]. https://www. adaptationclearinghouse.org.
[27] Robinson C S, Davidson R A, Trainor J E, et al. Homeowner acceptance of voluntary property acquisition offers[J]. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 2018, 31: 234-242.
[28] Parker D P, Thurman W N. Private Land conservation and public policy: Land trusts, land owners, and conservation easements[J]. Annual Review of Resource Economics, 2019, 11(1): 337-354.
[29] Campbell M C, Salus D A. Community and conservation land trusts as unlikely partners? The case of Troy Gardens, Madison, Wisconsin[J]. Land Use Policy, 2003, 20(2): 169-180.
[30] Adaptation Clearinghouse. Community Land-Community Resilience: How community land trusts can support urban affordable housing and climate initiatives[EB/OL].[2022-07-11]. https://www. adaptationclearinghouse. org/resources/community-land-community-resilience-how-community-land-trusts-can-support-urban-affordable-housing-and-climate-initiatives.html.
[31] Keeler A G, Mullin M, McNamara D E, et al. Buyouts with rentbacks: A policy proposal for managing coastal retreat[J]. Journal of Environmental Studies and Sciences, 2022, 12(3): 646-651.
[32] Environmental Law Institute. Floodplain buyouts: An action guide for local governments on how to maximize community benefits, habitat connectivity, and resilience[EB/OL]. [2022-07-23]. https://www. eli. org/research-report/floodplain-buyouts-action-guide-local-governments-how-maximize-community-benefits
[33] Rhode Island Coastal Resources Management Council. RI shoreline change special area management plan[EB/OL]. [2022-07-23]. http://www.beachsamp.org/beachsamp-document.
[34] Bragg W K, Gonzalez S T, Rabearisoa A, et al. Communicating managed retreat in California[J]. Water, 2021, 13(6): 781.
[35] National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Protecting the public interest through the national coastal zone management program: How coastal states and territories use no-build areas along ocean and great lake shorefronts[EB/OL]. [2022-07-11]. http://hazdoc. colorado.edu/handle/10590/7643.
[36] Hardaway Jr C S, Duhring K. Living shoreline design guidelines for shore protection in virginia's estuarine environments[EB/OL]. [2022-07-11]. https://www.vims.edu/research/departments/physical/programs/ssp/_docs/living_shorelines_guidelines.pdf.
[37] Jessica G. Sea level rise and coastal land use[EB/OL].[2022-07-11].http://www.cakex.org/documents/adaptation-toolkit-sea-level-rise-and-coastal-land-use.
[38] School S L. Court of appeal upholds conditions ensuring prudent coastal development[EB/OL]. [2022-07-19]. https://law. stanford. edu/2019/10/09/court-of-appeal-upholds-conditions-ensuring-prudent-coastal-development/.
[39] Council S F R P. Adaptation action areas: Policy options for adaptive planning for rising sea levels[EB/OL]. [2022-07-19]. http://news.caloosahatchee.org/docs/Adaptation_Action_Areas_160629.pdf.
[40] Smith M H. Creating a market for retreat: Transfer of development rights as a climate adaptation tool in coastal Massachusetts[D]. Massachusetts: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2020.
[41] Margaret W, Virginia M. Transfer of development rights in U.S. Communities: Evaluating program design, implementation, and outcomes: Conservation Tools[EB/OL].[2022-07-11]. https://conservationtools.org/library_items/263.
[42] McConnell V, Walls M. Policy monitor: US experience with transferable development rights[J]. Review of Environmental Economics and Policy, 2009, 3(2): 288-303.
[43] Schechtman J, Brady M. Cost-efficient climate change adaptation in the North Atlantic[EB/OL]. [2022-07-19].https://www.eli.org/research-report/floodplain-buyouts-action-guide-local-governments-how-maximize-commu-nity-benefits.
[44] Siders A. Managed coastal retreat: A legal handbook on shifting development away from vulnerable areas[J]. Columbia Public Law Research Paper, 2013, 14(365): 158.
[45] Greiving S, Du J, Puntub W. Managed retreat—A strategy for the mitigation of disaster risks with international and comparative perspectives[J]. Journal of Extreme Events, 2018, 5(2/3): 1850011.
[46] Hino M, Nguyen M T, Riley S, et al. Where do buyout households go? Managed retreat and the geography of opportunity[C]//2020 APPAM Fall Research Conference. Washington: APPAM, 2020.
[47] 王晓毅 . 易地扶贫搬迁方式的转变与创新[J]. 改革, 2016(8): 71-73.
[48] 郭文华. 新泽西州的“发展权转让（TDR）”[J]. 国土资源情报, 2011(9): 3.
[49] Environmental Law Institute. Floodplain buyout case studies[EB/OL]. [2022-07-17]. https://www. eli. org/sustainable-use-land/floodplain-buyout-case-studies.
[50] Hilke C, Ritter J, Ryan-Henry J, et al. Softening our shorelines: Policy and practice for living shorelines along the Gulf and Atlantic coasts[EB/OL]. [2022-07-17]. https://www.nwf.org/SofteningOurShorelines.
[51] Massachusetts Office of Coastal Zone Management. Stormsmart properties fact sheet 4: Bioengineering—coir rolls on coastal banks[EB/OL]. [2022-07-17]. https://www.mass.gov/stormsmart-coasts-program.
[52] Jim O. Coastal dune protection and restoration[EB/OL].[2022-07-11]. https://tamug-ir. tdl. org/bitstream/handle/1969.3/28773/DunesRestoration-FINAL_87224. pdf? sequence=3.
[53] Sean C, Duncan F, Nathan F, et al. Coastal processes, hazards, and society[EB/OL]. [2022-07-11]. https://www.e-education.psu.edu/earth107.
[54] Patel M, Reilly A. Cooperative federalism: A path to proactive managed retreat[J]. Natural Resources & Environment, 2021, 35(3): 20-24.
