John Milne's misinterpretation of the Zhang Heng's seismoscope "Du Zhu" and its impact
1.School of Marxism, North China Institute of Science and Technology, Beijing 101601, China
2.School of Computer, North China Institute of Science and Technology, Beijing 101601, China
3.School of Science, North China Institute of Science and Technology, Beijing 101601, China
Received date: 2024-04-07
Revised date: 2024-07-01
Online published: 2024-08-28
There are three main restoration schemes for the "Du Zhu" of Zhang Heng's seismoscope: inverted pendulum scheme, upright rod scheme, and pendulum scheme. Among them, the "pendulum scheme" proposed by John Milne has been more recognized by the academic community. However, through the examination and comparison of relevant literature, it is found that the introduction of this scheme is related to Milne's misunderstanding and mistranslation of "Du Zhu". He adopted Japanese version of the Zhang Heng's seismoscope section of the Later Han Dynasty: Biography of Zhang Heng. He had a preconception that "the ancient principles for measuring earthquakes were similar to those used today", and based on the knowledge of modern seismology. Reasons to interpret "Du Zhu" reversely as "pendulum" is neither sufficient nor necessary, and it is out of historical context. In short, the "pendulum scheme" deviated from history due to misunderstanding, and deviated from the original text due to mistranslation. It achieved the function of "monitoring earthquakes" but still was not a successful scheme. The structure and mechanism of "Du Zhu" are still unknown, relevant researches and interpretations are still open.
Key words： Zhang Heng's seismoscope; ; pendulum; Du Zhu;John Milne
Peng Chaoyu, Fan Zhihao, Xue Yonghong
.
John
Milne's misinterpretation of the Zhang Heng's seismoscope "Du
Zhu" and its impact [J]. Science & Technology Review, 0
[1] 李约瑟. 中国科学技术史（第三卷）·数学、天学和地学[M]. 梅荣照，等 译. 北京: 科学出版社, 2018: 627-630.
[2] 范晔 撰, 司马彪 撰. 后汉书[M]. 北京: 中国国家图书馆馆藏. 清金陵书局同治八年刻本第9册：69.
[3] 今村明恒. 地震漫談（其の30）千八百年前の地動儀[J]. 地震（第1輯）, 1936, 8(7): 347-352.
[4]今村明恒. 張衡に關する文献の増訂[J]. 地震（第1輯）, 1938, 10(1): 8-19.
[5] 今村明恒. 倒立振子地動儀[J]. 地震（第1輯）, 1938, 10(4): 166-167.
[6]今村明恒. 張衡地動儀に依る震源の推測[J]. 地震（第1輯）, 1943, 15(7): 175-177.
[7] 王振铎. 汉张衡候风地动仪造法之推测[J]. 燕京学报, 1936(20): 580-590+592-597.
[8] 王振铎. 张衡候风地动仪的复原研究[J]. 文物, 1963(2): 1-9.
[9] 王振铎. 张衡候风地动仪的复原研究（续）[J]. 文物, 1963(4): 1-20+57-58.
[10] 王振铎. 张衡候风地动仪的复原研究（续完）[J]. 文物, 1963(5): 12-26.
[11] 冯锐. 科学，激活了张衡地动仪[J]. 物理, 2009(7): 476-488.
[12]李强. 简评冯锐复原张衡地动仪的设计思路[J]. 自然科学史研究, 2008: 378-387.
[13] Howell B F. Jr. John Milne: Father of modern seismology[J]. Eos, 1985, 66(46): 782.
[14] 冯锐. 地动仪的历史真实和科学价值[J]. 现代物理知识, 2011(1): 59-63.
[15]Milne J. Earthquakes and other earth-movements[M]. London Kegan Paul, Trench,Trubner & OO. 1913: 13-15.
[16] 宇佐美龍夫. 日本の地震学百年の歩み[J]. 地震（第2輯）, 1981, 34(Special): 1-36.
[17] 冯锐，李先登，田凯，等. 张衡地动仪的发明、失传与历史继承[J]. 中原文物, 2010(1): 11.
[18] Imamura A. Tyōkō and his seismoscope[J]. Nature, 1939, 144: 340-340.
[19] Dewey J , Byerly P. The early history of seismomehy (to 1900)[J]. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 1969, 59(1): 183-227.
[20] Sleeswyk A W , Sivin N. Dragons and toads: The Chinese seismoscope of A.D. 132[J]. East Asian Science, Technology, and Medicine, 1983, 6: 1-19.
[21] Yan Hongsen. Reconstruction designs of lost ancient Chinese machinery[J]. History of Mechanism & Machine Science, 2007(42): 1601-1617.
[22] Hsiao K H, Yan H S. Structural synthesis of Zhang Heng's seismoscope with cam-linkage mechanisms[J]. Journal of Advanced Mechanical Design Systems & Manufacturing, 2009, 3(3): 179-190.
[23] Hsiao K H, Yan H S. The review of reconstruction designs of Zhang Heng's seismoscope[J]. Journal of Japan Association for Earthquake Engineering, 2009, 9(4): 1-10.
[24] 佚名. 后汉张衡地动仪[J]. 观象丛报, 1917(12): 8.
[25] 吕彦直. 汉张衡候风地动仪[J]. 科学, 1917(9): 1.
[26] 冯锐, 武玉霞, 朱涛. 地动仪的史料和模型研究[J]. 自然科学史研究, 2006(S1): 34-52.
[27] 冯锐, 武玉霞, 朱涛, 等. 对地动仪传统模型的置疑[J]. 自然科学史研究, 2006(S1): 16-33.
[28] 冯锐. 趣味地震学（25）: 张衡改写了历史[J]. 地震科学进展, 2021(1): 38-48.
[29] 张衡地动仪复原课题组. 后语[J]. 自然科学史研究, 2006(S1): 77-78.
[30] 李志超. 三议候风地动仪[J]. 寻根, 2004(6): 48-50.
[31] 王鹏飞. 张衡候风地动仪功能测试和感震原理的探讨[J]. 自然科学史研究, 2005(4): 291-318.
[32] 李志超. 天人古义：中国科学史论纲[M]. 郑州：大象出版社，2014: 291.
[33] 冯锐, 朱涛, 武玉霞, 等. 张衡地动仪的科学性及其历史贡献[J]. 自然科学史研究, 2006(S1): 1-15.
[34] 胡宁生. 张衡地动仪立柱验震的复原与研究[J]. 中国科技史杂志, 2020, 41(3): 425-434.
[35] 褚志政. 一千八百年前我国发明的地震仪[J]. 新学生, 1946(6): 97-101.
[36] 班固 撰,颜师古 注. 汉书[M]. 北京: 中华书局, 1962: 1415-1416.
[37] 陈桐生 译注. 国语[M]. 北京: 中华书局, 2013: 28.
/
| 〈 |
|
〉 |
