Exclusive

The logic behind EU's development of E-Fuels and revelations for China

  • Jinxi WU , 1 ,
  • Jiaqi ZHI , 2
Expand
  • 1. School of Social Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
  • 2. Xingjian College, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China

Received date: 2024-11-15

  Online published: 2025-05-13

Copyright

All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited.

Cite this article

Jinxi WU , Jiaqi ZHI . The logic behind EU's development of E-Fuels and revelations for China[J]. Science & Technology Review, 2025 , 43(7) : 54 -66 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2024.11.01607

1
李蕴洁. IPCC综合报告: 减缓与适应方案需加速部署[J]. 世界环境, 2023 (2): 47- 48.

2
气变之下, 燃油车退欧之势或已难挽--德意电力合成燃料"折中方案"任重道远[EB/OL]. [2024-01-23]. http://www.stdaily.com/guoji/shidian/202303/449e7c51a1d44ab581b4825f5fb61042.shtml.

3
Yaguchi M. Japan's e-fuels policy[R]. Tokyo: Agency for Natural Resources and Energy, 2023.

4
Wikipedia. Electrofuel[EB/OL]. [2024-10-05]. https://en.wiki-pedia.org/wiki/Electrofuel.

5
Lewis A. Future aviation fuels-the petroleum industry responds to the challenge[C] //Proceedings of SAE Technical Paper Series. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 1980: 2333-2346.

6
Ellers C. Advanced electrofuel-batteries plus for electric vehi-cles[C] //Proceedings of IEEE Technical Applications Confer-ence. Northcon/96. Conference Record. Piscataway, NJ: IEEE, 1996: 386-391.

7
Lipman T, Witt M, Williams B, et al. Electric-fuel scale-up in California: Policy and regulatory support[R]. Berkeley: Cali-fornia Institute for Energy and Environment(CIEE), 2011.

8
Efuel Alliance. What are efuels?[EB/OL]. [2024-04-22]. https://www.efuel-alliance.eu/efuels/what-are-efuels.

9
財團法人台灣綜合研究院. 電子燃料發展概況分析[R]. 台北: 台灣綜合研究院, 2023.

10
Hoekstra G. Welcome to the future-High cost of gasoline sulfur specification tests refiners, analysts[EB/OL]. [2024-10-05]. https://rbnenergy.com/welcome-to-the-future-high-cost-of-gasoline-sulfur-specification-tests-refiners-analysts.

11
Efuel Alliance. eFuels in detail[EB/OL]. [2024-04-22]. https://www.efuel-alliance.eu/efuels/efuels-in-detail.

12
Enemed. Enemed launch new ePower Diesel with 60+cetane level[EB/OL]. [2024-10-05]. https://enemed.com.mt/prod-ucts/epower-diesel.

13
孟翔宇, 顾阿伦, 曾静, 等. 中国氢能交通产业的现状、挑战与展望[J]. 科技导报, 2024, 42 (3): 6- 26.

DOI

14
秦艺逍. 能量密度全球最高!这家公司锂电池能量密度比特斯拉高$73\%$[EB/OL]. [2024-04-04]. https://www.thepa-per.cn/newsDetail_forward_16743033.

15
国家制造强国建设战略咨询委员会. 《中国制造2025》重点领域技术路线图[R]. 北京: 国家制造强国建设战略咨询委员会, 2015.

16
Gianluca P , Giovanni L , Lorenzo F . Renewable electricity for decarbonisation of road transport: Batteries or E-fuels?[J]. Batteries, 2023, 9 (2): 135.

DOI

17
余志生. 6版 汽车理论[M]. 北京: 机械工业出版社, 2019.

18
刘科. 院士报告厅|刘科: 碳中和误区及其现实路径[EB/OL]. [2024-04-13]. https://www.thepaper.cn/newsDet-ail_forward_13853860.

19
能源发展与政策. 《全球氢能观察2021》系列研报之三: 全球氢储运与供应链发展趋势观察[EB/OL]. [2024-04-13]. https://www.thepaper.cn/newsDetail_forward_13640924.

20
王彦哲, 周胜, 王宇, 等. 中国核电和其他电力技术环境影响综合评价[J]. 清华大学学报(自然科学版), 2021, 61 (4): 377- 384.

21
孙启星, 张超, 李成仁, 等. "碳达峰、碳中和"目标下的电力系统成本及价格水平预测[J]. 中国电力, 2023, 56 (1): 9- 16.

22
Cheng G S , Yang Y H , Xiu T C , et al. Analysis of hydrogen production potential from water electrolysis in China[J]. Energy \ & Fuels, 2023, 37 (13): 9220- 9232.

23
Kumar D , Abraham J E , Varghese M , et al. Nanocarbon assisted green hydrogen production: Development and recent trends[J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2024, 50: 118- 141.

DOI

24
Bičáková O , Straka P . Production of hydrogen from renew-able resources and its effectiveness[J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2012, 37 (16): 11563- 11578.

DOI

25
张杰, 郭伟, 张博, 等. 空气中直接捕集$\mathrm{CO}_2$ 技术研究进展[J]. 洁净煤技术, 2021, 27 (2): 57- 68.

26
王珺瑶, 何松, 严家辉, 等. 直接空气碳捕集技术生命周期评价的研究进展及挑战[J]. 煤炭学报, 2023, 48 (7): 2748- 2759.

27
王泽洋, 王龙延. 煤基燃料油品特性与煤制油产业发展分析[J]. 化工进展, 2019, 38 (7): 3079- 3087.

28
HIF Global. HIF Haru Oni demonstration plant[EB/OL]. [2024-01-24]. https://hifglobal.com/haru-oni.

29
张贤, 许毛, 徐冬, 等. 中国煤制氢CCUS技术改造的碳足迹评估[J]. 中国人口·资源与环境, 2021, 31 (12): 1- 11.

30
Djunisic S. HIF Global, partners draw first litres of e-fuels at Haru Oni demo plant in Chile[EB/OL]. [2024-01-29]. https://renewablesnow.com/news/hif-global-partners-draw-first-litres-of-e-fuels-at-haru-oni-demo-plant-in-chile-809024.

31
Mandel E. HIF'Haru Oni project receives Siemens electrol-yser[EB/OL]. [2024-01-29]. https://www.h2bulletin.com/hif-haru-oni-project-receives-siemens-electrolyser.

32
Bisotti F , Hoff K A , Mathisen A , et al. Direct air capture (DAC)deployment: A review of the industrial deploy-ment[J]. Chemical Engineering Science, 2024, 283: 119416.

DOI

33
Global Thermostat. Solution[EB/OL]. [2024-01-30]. https://www.globalthermostat.com/solutions.

34
Gambhir A , Tavoni M . Direct air carbon capture and seques-tration: How it works and how it could contribute to climate-change mitigation[J]. One Earth, 2019, 1 (4): 405- 409.

DOI

35
Siemens-energy. Silyzer 300 The next paradigm of PEM electrolysis[EB/OL]. [2024-10-04]. https://p3.aprimocdn.net/siemensenergy/3baa4ffa-f1f1-422f-a770-b08300c0f2b0/Datasheet-Silyzer300-pdf_Original\%20file.

36
Gothe M L , Pérez-Sanz F J , Braga A H , et al. Selective $\mathrm{CO}_2$ hydrogenation into methanol in a supercritical flow process[J]. Journal of $\mathrm{CO}_2$ Utilization, 2020, 40: 101195.

DOI

37
Ren M H , Zhang Y M , Wang X , et al. Catalytic hydrogena-tion of $\mathrm{CO}_2$ to methanol: A review[J]. Catalysts, 2022, 12 (4): 403.

DOI

38
埃克森美孚化工. 甲醇制汽油技术(MTG)[EB/OL]. [2024-02-09]. https://www.exxonmobilchemical.com.cn/zh-cn/ca-talysts-and-technology-licensing/methanol-to-gasoline-tech-nology.

39
Chakraborty J P , Singh S , Maity S K . Advances in the conversion of methanol to gasoline[M]. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2022: 177- 200.

40
祁嘉昕. 甲醇制汽油工艺分析及产业化进展[J]. 山西化工, 2018, 38 (1): 35- 37.

41
Wang Y X , Sun T Y . Life cycle assessment of $\mathrm{CO}_2$ emis-sions from wind power plants: Methodology and case stud-ies[J]. Renewable Energy, 2012, 43: 30- 36.

DOI

42
Bonou A , Laurent A , Olsen S I . Life cycle assessment of onshore and offshore wind energy-from theory to applica-tion[J]. Applied Energy, 2016, 180: 327- 337.

DOI

43
Siemens Gamesa. Environmental product declaration[R]. Vizcaya: Mercantile Registry of Bizkaia.

44
Knop V. Life cycle analysis of hydrogen production with PEM electrolysers[EB/OL]. [2024-01-29]. http://www.awoe.net/Water-Electrolysis-PEM-LCA.html.

45
Wang J Y , Li S J , Deng S , et al. Energetic and life cycle assessment of direct air capture: A review[J]. Sustainable Production and Consumption, 2023, 36: 1- 16.

DOI

46
Deutz S , Bardow A . Life-cycle assessment of an industrial direct air capture process based on temperature-vacuum swing adsorption[J]. Nature Energy, 2021, 6: 203- 213.

DOI

47
Takunju R T. Life cycle assessment of the production of a solar MTG fuel based on electrochemical hydrogen pro-duction with energy supply by a PV/CSP hybrid solar power plant[D]. Bochum: Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 2021.

48
Baldino C. EU renewable energy directive Ⅱ: Supporting low-carbon fuels[R]. ICCT, 2021.

49
Wang M. The life-cycle analysis of petroleum fuels and biofuels with GREET[R]. California: Argonne National Laboratory, 2016.

50
陈子瞻, 王高尚. 煤制油成本案例分析及产业前景[J]. 地球学报, 2017, 38 (1): 109- 114.

51
郭一凡, 蒲强, 霍堃, 等. 石油化工行业2017年日常报告[R]. 国金证券, 2017.

52
Grahn M , Malmgren E , Korberg A D , et al. Review of elec-trofuel feasibility-Cost and environmental impact[J]. Progress in Energy, 2022, 4 (3): 032010.

DOI

53
Blewett D. Wind turbine cost: How much?Are they worth it in 2023?[EB/OL]. (2023-06-08)[2024-02-28]. https://weath-erguardwind.com/how-much-does-wind-turbine-cost-worth-it.

54
Al-Sobhi S A, AlNouss A, Alhamad M. Techno-economic and environmental assessment of gasoline produced from GTL and MTG processes[M] //Computer Aided Chemical Engineering. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2021: 1827-1832.

55
Taibi E, Miranda M, Vanhoudt W, et al. Hydrogen from renewable power: Technology outlook for the energy transition[J/OL]. [2024-10-25]. https://www.h2knowledgecentre.com/content/policypaper1306.

56
Kuehn M. Role of hydrogen in the energy transition[C] // OAPEC symposium session 2: Establishing a hydrogen economy. Kuwait: Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries, 2023.

57
Fasihi M , Efimova O , Breyer C . Techno-economic assessment of $\mathrm{CO}_2$ direct air capture plants[J]. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2019, 224: 957- 980.

DOI

58
Borisut P , Nuchitprasittichai A . Methanol production via $\mathrm{CO}_2$ hydrogenation: Sensitivity analysis and simulationBased optimization[J]. Frontiers in Energy Research, 2019, 7: 81.

DOI

59
Bos M J , Kersten S R A , Brilman D W F . Wind power to methanol: Renewable methanol production using electricity, electrolysis of water and $\mathrm{CO}_2$ air capture[J]. Applied Energy, 2020, 264: 114672.

DOI

60
Jones S, Zhu Y. Techno-economic analysis for the conver-sion of lignocellulosic biomass to gasoline via the methanol-to-gasoline(MTG)process[M] //Industrial Chemistry. Rich-land, Washington: Apple Academic Press, 2011: 242-262.

61
Zappa W , Junginger M , van den Broek M . Is a $100\%$ renew-able European power system feasible by 2050?[J]. Applied Energy, 2019, 233: 1027- 1050.

62
Author: Jarosław Kamiński. German automotive industry at a crossroads[EB/OL]. (2023-12-14)[2024-04-16]. https://www.obserwatorfinansowy.pl/in-english/german-automo-tive-industry-at-a-crossroads.

63
Backhaus R . Is electric mobility a job killer?[J]. ATZ World-wide, 2023, 125 (5): 10- 15.

DOI

64
古野志健男. 35年以降エンジン搭載車を容認も、欧州委員会の方針変わらず[EB/OL]. [2024-04-16]. https://xtech.nikkei.com/atcl/nxt/column/18/02340/042100004.

65
李越, 秦兰芝, 安锋. 加州低碳燃料标准解读及中国可行性研究报告[R]. 北京: 能源与交通创新中心, 2021.

66
王永中. 碳达峰碳中和与能源"不可能三角"困境[J]. 煤炭经济研究, 2021, 41 (10): 1.

67
Efuel Alliance. Members[EB/OL]. [2024-04-22]. https://www.efuel-alliance.eu/initiative/members.

68
Efuel Alliance. Our political demands[EB/OL]. [2024-04-22]. https://www.efuel-alliance.eu/political-demands.

69
Efuel Alliance. Costs \ < outlook[EB/OL]. [2024-04-22]. https://www.efuel-alliance.eu/efuels/costs-outlook.

70
Steiner M. eFuels: Synthetic fuel from renewable energy sources[EB/OL]. [2024-04-22]. https://newsroom.porsche.com/en/2023/sustainability/porsche-perspectives-sustainabil-ity-interview-karl-dums-31632.html.

71
HIF Global. Fueling our world with renewable energy, Our sustainability journey 2023[EB/OL]. [2024-12-31]. https://hifglobal.com/our-sustainability-journey-2023.

72
Official Journal of the European Union. Directive(EU) 2023/2413 of the European parliament and of the council of 18 October 2023[EB/OL]. (2023-10-18)[2024-04-25]. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dir/2023/2413/oj.

73
Decock G. First binding target to supply green $\mathrm{H}_2$ and E-fuels to the transport sector[EB/OL]. [2024-10-05]. https://te-cdn.ams3.cdn.digitaloceanspaces.com/files/2023_07_REDⅢ_fact_sheet_hydrogen_efuels_RFNBO.

74
管鸣宇, 彭波, 方寅亮, 等. 2023麦肯锡中国汽车消费者洞察[R]. 北京: 麦肯锡, 2022.

Outlines

/