The Populus euphratica Oliv, a type of large tall broad-leaved trees in arid and semi-arid areas, has long life and plays an important role in the study of the paleo-environment because it is sensitive to climatic and environmental changes. This paper discusses the relationship between the tree-ring growths of Populus euphratica and the climate environmental conditions. Starting with a review of its general features and the geographic distribution, the conditions of climate, water resource, groundwater and soil in the distributional regions of Populus euphratica are analyzed. Two sets of tree-ring samples of Populus euphratica are collected from the eastern region of Aibi Lake basin in Xinjiang province. By using the methods of dendrochrology, the tree-ring width chronologies of Guertu sampling sites are established, and the chronologies are 181-year long. The correlation analysis between the tree-ring width chronologies and the temperature and the precipitation of Jinghe and Caijiahu meteorological stations indicate that the tree-ring width chronologies and the precipitation are positively correlated in winter months. The comparison of two meteorological stations shows that the correlation coefficient of the Jinghe station is higher than that of the Caijiahu station and the largest is 0.408. A qualitative analysis shows that the tree-ring width chronologies of Guertu and the level changes of Aibi Lake have a good consistency at the same time. These findings are consistent with the conclusions of other scholars in this area. The results show that tree ring width variation is sensitive to the groundwater level.