In 2023 the development of large generative AI models achieved a series of breakthroughs. This paper reviews the key technologies of large models that have received significant attention, including the emergent abilities of large language model(LLM), development of multimodal LLMs, as well as alignment and knowledge enhancement techniques of large models. The paper also introduces the vertical applications of generative AI in various fields such as healthcare and education, and its role in advancing the development of AI agents and metaverse technologies. Additionally, the challenges and developmental trends in generative AI are discussed, including issues related to data privacy, biased values, copyright disputes, and fake news propagation.

The rapid development of deep learning raises a massive demand for computing power. However, traditional siliconbased chips based on the von Neumann architecture with physically separated memory and computing units, are facing critical issues such as the "memory wall", and hence the increase of chip computing power is gradually hitting a bottleneck. To address this problem, researchers have been inspired by the working mechanism of biological brain and proposed a computing-inmemory architecture based on memristors. This novel architecture is expected to achieve several orders of magnitude improvement in energy efficiency and speed over the von Neumann architecture for tasks such as artificial neural networks. It is one of the most promising technologies to achieve ultra-low power consumption and ultra-high computing power. This article first reviews the working mechanisms of various types of memristors, and summarizes the latest device research internationally. Then, the progress on application demonstrations of memristor-based computing-in-memory chips such as neural networks, signal processing, and machine learning are reviewed. The current challenges in this field and further research directions are concluded in the end.

This paper starts from the perspective of pollution reduction and carbon emission reduction, and deeply analyzes the realistic foundation of China's green and low-carbon food production, the main problems faced, and proposes optimization paths. The paper points out that the guidance and support of national policies, the improvement of technological progress and innovation capabilities, and the transformation of market demand are key to promoting the green and low-carbon development of food production. However, there are also issues such as the need for further clarification of policies, the need to strengthen the awareness and ability of producers to reduce pollution and carbon emissions, and technological bottlenecks. To address these issues, the paper proposes optimization strategies including the formulation of a pollution and carbon reduction roadmap, the cultivation of producers' awareness, the strengthening of technological innovation and promotion, and the establishment of a green and low-carbon value realization mechanism. These measures aim to provide theoretical and practical guidance for the green and low-carbon transformation and sustainable development of food production.

This paper provides an overview of the current development status of hydrogen energy highway transportation, rail transit, shipbuilding, and aviation in China. It analyzes the comprehensive performance of hydrogen fuel cell vehicles in China and points out that the challenges faced by Chinese hydrogen energy vehicles are mainly high costs of vehicles and fuel and insufficient refueling infrastructure. However, as China steps into the middle and late stage of urbanization, heavy-load transportation and special transportation with fixed routes provide opportunities for the development of hydrogen vehicles, and family passenger vehicles will become an important direction. Hydrogen energy rail transit will also play a role in areas where electrification is difficult. Ships and aircraft powered by hydrogen compounds will become the focus of shipbuilding and aviation industries. In the future, hydrogen energy transportation should improve planning, promote technological integration and innovation, develop new hydrogen energy transportation travel modes, build a sound policy system, and adopt carbon market mechanism to achieve a new leap.

In response to the demand for smart ocean construction, a digital twin technology system and application directions for the ocean are proposed. Firstly, the current research and development status of smart ocean is systematically reviewed and analyzed. By studying the integration and application of new generation information technology and industrial technology, the concept and connotation of digital twin are elaborated, and the application scenarios of digital twin in marine scientific cognition,marine development and utilization, the full life cycle of marine equipment and the ocean governance decision-making are provided. Then, in response to the common needs of smart ocean construction and application, a six-dimensional ocean digital twin model architecture theory is proposed, which includes six basic elements: real ocean, digital ocean, interactive mapping,twin ocean data, twin ocean knowledge, and twin intelligent application. Finally, key technical issues and implementation paths for empowering the smart ocean with digital twins are proposed and explored. The aim is to provide some thinking and reference for the future development and deep application of smart oceans through the research of marine digital twin technology.

科学的飞速发展和文化的缓慢变化发生了矛盾。百年来，中国对传统文化的主流观点曾经出现多次反复，至今缺乏系统的反思，成为当前学术界发挥科学创新潜力的一大障碍。本文从历史回顾和中外比较入手，提出当现代科学在欧洲产生时，中国曾坐失参与的良机；当试图引入西方科技时，又因为方向错误遭受失败，结果使得科学成为西方的特色和东方的弱点。东西方差异的根源在于大陆文明和海洋文明的不同属性，可以上溯到2000多年前古希腊和春秋列国的2大源头。当今世界上这2大文明的经济基础正在消失，新时代的科技发展必将产生新型的全球文明。呼吁从历史反思入手，重新认识中国传统文化，争当国际学术界铸造全球新文明的排头兵。

Integrated development in the new era is an important part of high-quality development. Based on a comprehensive summary of the historical achievements and changes in the planning and construction of high-speed railway stations since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, this paper focuses on the strategic deployment of building a powerful transportation country, systematically analyzes the interactive mechanism and value orientation of the station-city integration, reveals the basic connotation and mode of the station-city integration. Focusing on the design problems such as the separation of station city space, the lack of urban functions, monotonous environment and low space utilization rate, this paper puts forward the construction strategy of the station-city integration to relieve the station-city development dilemma, reconstruct the order of station-city, release the vitality of city and seek the symbiosis of station-city, providing a solution to promote the high-quality coordinated development of high-speed railway stations and cities.

Post-quantum cryptography is a new generation of cryptography technology for defending quantum computer attacks. It is regarded as a reliable alternative to traditional cryptography systems, and relevant international standards are gradually emerging. This paper briefly describes the development of post-quantum cryptography, and analyzes the latest development, mathematical principles and characteristics of current algorithm research. On this basis, the analysis is carried out from the three levels of algorithm, hardware architecture, and specific circuit implementation. Then we indicate key technologies that future research needs to overcome, such as efficient hardware implementation, dynamic reconfigurability, side channel attack defense, and secure SoC integration. Moreover, the low-power post-quantum cryptographic chip, the high-performance post-quantum cryptographic chip and core modules such as hashing, random sampling, operation acceleration and logic processing in the chip are described in detail. Finally, we summarize the application status and research value of the current chip implementation in terms of efficient IP design for core circuits, multi-scenario application compatibility, multiple defense mechanisms, and information infrastructure integration, and cover the future development trend of industrialization and diversification. By studying the post-quantum cryptography algorithm and its key technologies, then exploring efficient chip design and implementation methods, it is conducive to promoting the research on the theory and application of public key cryptosystems against quantum attacks, and provides guarantee for China's information security strategy in the quantum era.

With more than twenty years of development, China has become a world leader in the core technologies and industrialization of new energy vehicle（NEV） industry. Therefore, it is a great concern to China to ensure the sustainable development of new energy vehicles (NEVs) for the next ten years. This research aims to explore and uncover the laws of certainty from the uncertainty of NEV market, and to analyze and predict the cyclical and structural trend of NEVs' development over the next ten years in China. The main conclusions are as follows: From now to 2026, the market penetration of the NEV will continue to maintain a rapid growth. The new energy revolution, with NEVs, lithium batteries and photovoltaic cells as its three emerging pillars, will make a breakthrough. By 2030, NEVs will achieve profitability. Based on the development of NEVs, the development of new energy will turn into a new energy revolution. By 2035, the priorities of NEVs and the new energy revolution will change from the technological innovation into social concepts and business models reforms. The paper also discussed the possible challenges, including intensified internal competition, overcapacity, market fluctuations and increased uncertainty, which may impede China's NEVs to enter a new level of development, Meanwhile, it proposed feasible solutions to respond to these challenges and risks.

As a broadly interdisciplinary field, Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) has become a significant driving force in advancing the development of the information age and bringing computing technologies to the public for everyone to use. This article reviews key topics in the field of HCI until now, and it also explores the evolutionary path of ideas behind the technologies, presenting a more macroscopic philosophical understanding of human-computer relationship and future innovation in the human context. The article is divided into four parts: (1) It briefly describes the position and contributions of HCI; (2) It analyzes the evolution of current technological phenomena from the history of HCI; (3) By understanding the antibiosis issues between humans and computers, the article also applies“Human-Engaged Computing”theory to a discussion about the ideal relationship between humans and technology; (4) Based on the above, we also present suggestions for future development from five aspects: academic thought, research and education, societal impacts, information dissemination, and technology design.

In the era of big data and artificial intelligence, homomorphic encryption methods are widely recognized as an ideal technology to solve data security and privacy leakage problems. However, there are currently issues such as poor computational efficiency and ciphertext inflation, which seriously affect application and promotion of this technology. On the basis of summarizing the current research status, this paper reviews and analyzes the relevant research progress in 2023 from two aspects:hardware acceleration for homomorphic encryption algorithms and optimization of homomorphic encryption algorithms. Significant acceleration effects are attributed to the dedicated integrated circuit technology route; substantial progress has been made in optimization from the algorithm perspective. It can be predicted that in the next few years homomorphic encryption will be combined with artificial intelligence to deliver more value in cross-industry and industry division data collaboration and utilization.

Chiplet technology is a new generation of integrated circuit technology that has emerged in recent years. It has been widely recognized by the industry due to its excellent characteristics such as improving yield, breaking the limit of reticle size, flexibility in chip architecture, and standardization of IP supply chain. To further promote the development of chiplet technology in China, this article summarizes the application scenarios of chiplet technology, analyzes various core component technologies, elaborates on various technical challenges that may arise in the development of chiplet technology, reviews the development of China’s chiplet standards, and finally, puts forward some suggestions for the development of chiplet technology in China.

The discovery of bilayer nickelate superconductor La₃Ni₂O₇ under high pressure has attracted worldwide attention, in which theoretical research plays a vital role. So far, theoretical calculations show that the two e_g Ni 3d_x2-y2 and 3d_z2 orbitals in La₃Ni₂O₇ are crucial to the formation of superconductivity, while the O₂ p orbital also appears on the Fermi surface. Multi-orbital models have been proposed based on the above analysis. Various calculations show that La₃Ni₂O₇ has a s^± wave pairing symmetry although other pairing symmetries can be obtained. Theoretical calculations shows that the superconducting mechanism is unconventional and closely related to antiferromagnetic fluctuation. The vacancy of apical oxygen has a significant impact on the occurrence of superconductivity. The discovery of trilayer nickelate superconductor La₄Ni₃O₁₀ under pressure has further enriched the family of nickelate superconductors. And its electronic band structure, multi-orbital model, superconducting pairing symmetry and so on have been investigated and explored theoretically.

Triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) has become an emerging platform technology for achieving mechano-electrical energy conversion, with huge application potentials in a variety of fields. For the past decade, through extensive efforts, significant progress on the research of TENG has been made worldwide, including both fundamental scientific research and application technology of TENGs. Therefore, this article aims to review the representative achievements of TENGs in fundamental findings and technological innovations and look forward to the faster development of TENGs.

2024年世界各国继续加大网络安全战略部署，针对软件供应链、大语言模型等新兴场景的安全问题发布了相关技术指南和管理政策。面对新形势、新问题，中国进一步完善网络空间安全方面的政策法规，以规划指导网络空间安全体系建设、规范网络空间安全产业发展。然而，当前网络攻击事件依然频发，APT攻击、勒索攻击等网络攻击对全球网络空间安全造成严重威胁。2024年，围绕数据安全、人工智能安全、量子计算和软件漏洞等热点领域有了系列突破。未来，亟需发展新的技术能力和技术体系，为构建安全、健康的网络空间环境提供技术保障。

清洁能源转型是一项应对全球气候变化，牵动全球供应链的工程，而关键矿产则是实现净零碳排放目标和发展清洁能源技术不可缺少的物质基础。在沙特试图摆脱对石油经济依赖的前提下，如何保障能源转型过程中所亟需的关键矿产供给、快速发展清洁能源产业是沙特调整经济结构多元化、实现“2030愿景”的重点。当前，中国“一带一路”倡议与沙特“2030愿景”目标高度契合，双方在清洁能源领域合作可以充分实现资源禀赋互补、技术经验共享、产业市场互通。因此，应在社会、供应链等多维度下梳理和分析中沙两国在清洁能源领域的合作基础与发展潜力，在双方的利益视角下提出合作建议，推动沙特能源转型、促进沙特“2030愿景”实现的同时，进一步释放双方资源共享、技术创新、市场开拓等潜力，推进中国与沙特周边地区建立合作伙伴关系，构建“一带一路”中国国际合作发展新格局。

中国科学技术协会与美国科学促进会肩负着推动科技进步、促进科学普及与应用、服务社会发展的共同使命。2025年，中国科学技术协会会刊《科技导报》与美国科学促进会会刊《Science》深度合作“科技新闻”栏目，旨在报道国际科学界的最新动态、突破性发现以及前沿成果，共同推动全球科学的进步。

介绍了锂离子电池基本构造、工作原理及回收现状。详细阐述了当前研究中正极材料的主流回收方法，综述了废锂离子电池回收技术的研究进展，其中包括回收工艺发展、回收产品、对环境负担的影响，以及电池退役后的选择，如二次利用、直接再生修复电极材料、湿法或火法冶金回收材料等。从电池材料回收率，循环利用再生体系，电解液、隔膜和负极材料等综合回收方面对现有废旧锂离子电池回收处理与再利用技术提出了改进意见。

This article reviews the major achievements and advances made in the field of astronomy in 2023. The James Webb Space Telescope produced many new discoveries and provided important data on many aspects, such as galaxy formation and exoplanet exploration. The ultra-high sensitivity of the Five-hundred-meter Aperture Spherical Radio Telescope(FAST) allowed it to obtain sufficiently accurate data in a short period of time and become the first to detect a key evidence of nanohertz gravitational waves. The Euclid telescope was launched and sent back the first batch of images, took over the baton from the Planck satellite and continued to explore dark energy and dark matter of the universe. The Wide Field Survey Telescope(WFST)was put into operation, providing new support for optical time-domain survey in the Northern Hemisphere. The results of the asteroid impact experiment were released, providing an empirical basis for the future planetary defense plan. Lunar exploration fever was once again sweeping the world, and India became the fourth country to successfully land on the lunar surface.Observations discovered more new exoplanets and expanded our understanding of the universe. The publication of global images of Mars and launching probes into Jupiter's icy moons brought new progress to the scientific research of our solar system. Highresolution and panoramic images of black holes were released, providing a new perspective for understanding the complex structures around black holes. The age of the universe was questioned, the actual age might be doubled.

“人机情感交互”研究旨在创建一种能感知、识别和理解人的情感，并能针对人的情感作出智慧、灵敏、自然回应的智能系统，是实现机器人自然化、拟人化、人格化的基础技术和重要前提。2024年，大语言模型的进步给该领域带来了深刻的变革。从交互理论、情感认知、情感调节及交互效果评估层面回眸该领域年度研究进展，并探讨在情感认知可计算模型、情感调控可进化交互环路、情感交互可解释评估体系等方面存在的理论与技术问题。指出了人机情感交互领域未来研究主要方向为情感认知可计算建模方法、情感调控可进化交互环路、情感交互可解释评估体系等。

The pioneering breakthroughs in materials continue to trigger explosive growth in high-tech and emerging industries.Advanced materials have become a key area of focus and development for countries to seize the technological commanding elevation, and are a fundamental and leading industry for economic and social development. The development of advanced materials determines the level of development in high-tech, emerging industries, high-end manufacturing and major engineering.This paper systematically analyzes the current development status of advanced materials field in China, summarizes major technology plans and development system capabilities, and proposes strategic directions and policy measures for the future development in advanced materials field of China.

微型发光二极管（Micro-LED）具有较好的稳定性，是当前高亮显示应用的最佳选择，其具有高对比度、低响应时间、宽工作温区、低能耗和广视角等优势，成为当前产业界和学术界比较看好的新型显示技术。综述了Micro-LED新型显示技术的原理，对比其与现有技术的性能，从材料、器件、集成和成本良率等几个角度探讨了Micro-LED新型显示技术的关键技术挑战。未来3~5年内，Micro-LED显示技术仍然会在材料、器件、集成等技术方面存在技术创新和重大突破的关键机会，该技术支撑着未来显示产业的发展，也是中国科技创新引领全球的一次重要科技革命。建议鼓励创新，营造良好的科技创新环境，通过产学研合作解决当前Micro-LED新型显示技术的关键问题。同时发挥市场和社会资本的作用，引导产业遵循技术发展和商业发展规律。Micro-LED显示产业尽管仍面临技术挑战，但增强现实等近眼显示设备的推出，可能彻底革新现有的显示产品形态，Micro-LED显示产业市场将可能迎来爆发式增长。

In recent years, the rapid development of artificial intelligence has had an important impact on mental health services such as psychological counseling and psychological assessment. In this paper the accuracy and methods of artificial intelligence in psychological assessment as well as ethical issues are reviewed. Based on the development of multi-modal and psychological intervention technology, the future application research of artificial intelligence in psychological assessment is forecast. It is believed that the application of artificial intelligence in psychological assessment in the future will pay more attention to individual needs and interdisciplinary cooperation. It will be more widely used in information collection, data analysis, humancomputer interaction technology, and non-invasive regulatory technology cooperation, and the ethical research of artificial intelligence will play a more important role in the future.

2024年，无人机技术正以智能化、自主化和系统化为核心驱动力，深刻重塑着低空经济与智能空域的全球格局。从无人机自主飞行与智能控制、无人机集群协同、无人机集群验证、反无人机技术及无人机管控与低空经济等多个维度，系统阐述了无人机相关技术2024年的代表性进展、技术挑战与发展趋势。当今，无人机技术正通过跨领域的技术集成和智能生态构建，从单一工具化应用跃升为系统级战略支柱，而低空经济的快速扩张对全球空域治理、多模态感知、任务优化以及安全保障提出了新的要求。未来的无人机必将以智能空域治理为基石、以协同创新为引擎、以新质能力提升为目标，打造面向未来场景应用的无人机生态新体系，为低空经济高质量发展、智能空域全球布局及多领域纵深应用提供技术支撑与行业引领。

This article focuses on amorphous matters and reviews recent advances in amorphous materials and physics. More recently, more than 30% of the lunar soil collected by China's Chang'e-5 mission was found to be glassy, further confirming the widespread existence of amorphous matter in the universe. Topological order and inhomogeneity may be hidden behind the seemingly chaotic structure of amorphous materials, so amorphous matters have strange genetic, sensitive and relaxation behaviors, and show a series of excellent physical and chemical properties, such as extreme stability, super-plasticity, super mechanical behavior and excellent soft magnetic properties. The new generation of Zr-based and Fe-based amorphous alloys developed based on order regulation and high flux technology are successfully applied to core components such as folding mobile phone hinges and new energy vehicle motors, indicating that amorphous matters have irreplaceable application advantages. The future development of amorphous matters should focus on introducing a new paradigm of material research, attaching importance to the importance of process innovation, promoting the cross-integration of multi-disciplinary fields, giving full play to the advantages of advanced characterization technology and large scientific devices, and creating a whole-chain innovation model for production, university and research, so as to actively promote the rapid development of amorphous materials and physics, and expand the application of amorphous matters in high-tech fields. Make the future of mankind a better place.

本着分门别类、本刊推荐、专家遴选、宁缺毋滥、叙述事实的原则，从国内外重要科技期刊和科技新闻媒体所报道的中国科技成果中，按科学、技术、工程3个类别，由《科技导报》编辑部遴选、推荐候选条目，经《科技导报》编委、审稿人等专家通信评选，推选出2024年中国重大科学、技术和工程进展30项。（1）中国重大科学10项进展分别为：发现迄今全球最早的多细胞真核生物化石；发现新型钙-氧气电池；“拉索”发现高能宇宙线起源关键证据；破解叶绿体基因“转录机器”构造；解密细胞自组织漩涡的机理；实验上首次发现引力子模；提出应用青蒿素类衍生物治疗多囊卵巢综合征的新策略；发现异体通用型CAR-T治疗自身免疫疾病新疗法；发现高丰度绿色元素催化生产低碳烯烃新机制；揭秘月背土壤成分与年代。（2）中国重大技术10项进展分别为：解码抗癌药物紫杉醇的生物合成途径；开发具Pb容量的3D纳米级光盘存储器；研制出大规模智能光计算芯片太极；利用国产型扫描探针显微镜首次“看到”冰表面的原子结构；基于原语表示的类脑互补视觉感知芯片“天眸芯”研制成功；实现以RNA为媒介的基因精准写入；构建超越经典计算机的量子模拟器；研制具有原子尺度局域化光场的奇点介电纳米激光；高性能有机热电材料研究取得重要进展；借助AI破解催化领域重大科学难题。（3）中国重大工程10项进展分别为：中国南极第5站秦岭站建成开站；亚洲第一深水导管架“海基二号”出港；嫦娥六号实现世界首次月球背面采样返回；国家重大工程深中通道正式通车试运营；我国刷新水冷磁体世界纪录；我国首艘大洋钻探船“梦想”号正式入列；我国自主研制世界首台低能量强流高电荷态重离子研究装通过验收；世界最大吨位新型“海上浮式生产储油船”交付离港；全球最大压缩空气储能电站开工；世界最长高速公路隧道天山胜利隧道顺利贯通。

Realizing efficient control of water pollution and green utilization of water resources is a necessary condition for maintaining public health, promoting ecological civilization construction, and promoting sustainable economic and social development. This study reviews and summarizes the global scientific and technological research hotspots in this field in 2023,with highlights on prevention and control of new pollutants in surface water, protection of groundwater resources, safety assurance of drinking water, carbon reduction and efficiency enhancement in sewage treatment, resource utilization of wastewater,development of unconventional water sources, and protection and utilization of water resources in China. Research shows that construction of a new pollution prevention and control system for surface water should focus on the research of environmental quality standards and pollution control technologies. It is expected to improve the protection level of groundwater resources with the help of modern hydrogeology. New membrane technology helps ensure drinking water safety, and the synergistic development of efficiency and carbon reduction has become a new challenge for the sewage treatment industry. In the field of rural sewage treatment and resource utilization, substantial achievements and research results have been made in multiple aspects such as technological innovation, management optimization, and sewage resource utilization. Carbon based nanomaterials and other materials have received widespread attention in the field of environmental radioactive nuclide separation. Crystallization technology is a key technology for zero discharge of high salinity wastewater. New membrane distillation technology can promote the steady development of seawater desalination technology and engineering construction. All these research results have important meanings to the major strategic engineering practices of water resource protection and utilization, as well as water pollution control.

2025年1月20日，中国全超导托卡马克核聚变实验装置（EAST）在合肥实现1亿℃，持续1066 s高约束模等离子体运行，打破了此前该装置403 s的世界纪录。这一成果由中国科学院合肥物质科学研究院等离子体物理研究所团队完成，标志着中国聚变能源研究从基础科学向工程实践迈出重大一步。

Deep space exploration embodies comprehensive national power and has become the commanding height of science and technology competition among the world's space powers. Deep space resource utilization is the key frontier of international deep space exploration,in which the utilization of matter resources is of great significance for humanity's space expansion. This paper introduces the connotation of deep space resource and summarizes the significance of its utilization. Focusing on matter resources, this paper investigates the state-of-the-art research on the volatile extraction and utilization, atmospheric resource utilization, mineral resource extraction and refining, and in-situ manufacturing and construction on planetary surfaces. Finally,this paper offers an outlook for the trends in utilization deep space matter resources, paving the way for the future research in deep space exploration.

In view of the spectrum planning of China's carrier rocket, the positioning, rocket generation and scale divi-sion of carrier rocket system are put forward, and the focus of carrier rocket type spectrum planning is the third and 3.5 generations of medium and large disposable carrier rockets, as well as the fourth generation of reusable carrier rockets. This paper analyzes the technical development demand and capability development demand of the carrier rockets, and defines the power matching, rocket configuration, launch cost, carrying capacity, payload envelope and launch capacity of the carrier rockets. According to the technical developmen-tal needs and capability needs of the launch vehicles, 7 kinds of launch vehicles of the third generation ex-pendable launch vehicle spectrum, 6 kinds of launch vehicles of the 3.5 generation expendable launch vehicle spectrum, and 2 kinds of launch vehicles of the fourth generation reusable launch vehicle spectrum are pro-posed, respectively. Meanwhile, the evolution and replacement strategy of the second, third, 3.5 and fourth generations are proposed, namely the second launch vehicle is suggested to use until around year 2030, the third launch vehicle is suggested to use until around 2035, and the 3.5 and fourth generation launch vehicles are suggested to use around 2045 when the second and third generation launch vehicles are finally replaced.

The rapid development of high-speed aircraft, microelectronic devices and other fields puts forward higher requirements for the thermal conductivity of thermal management materials. Graphene with excellent thermal conductivity and electrical conductivity is an ideal new generation of thermal management materials. The research status and development prospect of graphene as a high thermal conductivity material are introduced. Firstly, the preparation methods of graphene materials are summarized, including mechanical peeling, epitaxial growth, chemical vapor deposition and redox. Thermal conductivity mechanisms of different types of graphene materials are discussed. Graphene materials carry out heat conduction through phonons and electrons with phonon heat conduction being the mainstay. The thermal resistance network model and thermal conduction permeability model are discussed. The research progress and application of monolayer or less-layer graphene, graphene film, carbon nanotube/graphene composite film and phase-change polymer/graphene composite materials in the field of thermal management are summarized.

In 2023 innovations and breakthroughs were achieved in UAV technology, showing remarkable technological innovation progress and wide application situation. This paper comprehensively analyzes the scientific and technological hotspots of UAV in 2023 from multiple perspectives, such as UAV control policy, technology innovation, key technologies, UAV cluster verification, and anti-UAV technology. With the improvement of visual emergency obstacle avoidance technology and intelligent autonomous flight ability, the performance and function of UAV were significantly improved. With the continuous popularization and application of Uavs, the key technologies, combat styles and platform construction of UAV swarms were also constantly improving. Industry customization, independent intelligence and cross-domain actual combat are still important directions for the future development of UAVs.

This paper provides a comprehensive review of the development, current status and future prospects of Tokamak-type nuclear fusion devices in the world. First, it expounds the advantages of fusion energy compared with other energy sources, such as its high safety, abundant fuel reserves, high energy density, no greenhouse gas emissions like carbon dioxide and environmental friendliness. Subsequently, it focuses on reviewing the historical development of the Tokamak, from the concept's inception in the 1950s to the current construction of the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER). It highlights the renowned tokamak devices that have made significant influential achievements and critical technological breakthroughs in the world, such as those that have validated the scientific feasibility of controlled nuclear fusion, achieved the highest fusion energy gain (Q), set world records for plasma triple products, reached the highest plasma temperatures, or revealed important physical phenomena, mechanisms, and new or advanced operation modes. Next, the paper also examines the critical scientific and technological challenges yet to be resolved for Tokamak fusion reactors, such as fuel cycles, tritium self - sufficiency, and materials issues. Finally, it offers perspectives on the future development direction of Tokamak fusion reactors and the commercialization prospects of fusion energy. This review aims to serve as a reference for the field of nuclear fusion research.

Third-generation photovoltaic semiconductors have the unique advantages of solution-compatible low-cost processing, transparency, flexibility, large-area film formation, photo-responsive and ion-transport capabilities. Focusing on devices prepared from such semiconductor materials, this paper reviews recent advances in organic photovoltaic as well as organic/inorganic hybrid perovskite photovoltaic, and explores their significant advantages in application scenarios such as flexible self-powered electricity supply and building integrated photovoltaic. At the same time, the development of thirdgeneration light-emitting diode in terms of material selection and structural design, and their application prospects in the field of lighting and display are discussed. In addition, the latest advances of third-generation semiconductor materials in artificial optoelectronic synapses are discussed, mainly focusing on new mechanisms, new device structures, and new functions. The latest applications of artificial synaptic devices in integrated sensing-memory-computing chips, neural networks, and intelligent bionic devices are also introduced. The key scientific issues for the field are briefly summarized, and an outlook for future scientific research and application breakthroughs is presented.

Gu Fangzhou's work has significantly improved the effectiveness of polio attenuated vaccine and protected millions of children from the threat of polio. As a pioneer in the development of China's oral attenuated vaccine through cell culture, Gu's journey into public health and virology is explored in this paper. The reasons behind Gu's pursuit of a career in public health and virology are introduced and the process of developing China's first batches of attenuated polio vaccines is detailed. Furthermore, the factors influencing the choice of technical routes for polio vaccine development is discussed, as well as the processes and results of vaccine production, verification, and clinical trials. Gu has closely linked his personal destiny with the future of the nation. His research and efforts have significantly improved the health and quality of life for hundreds of millions of people.

China has promised to achieve the "dual-carbon" goal in order to reduce climate warming caused by human-induced CO₂ emissions, accelerate the transition of the electricity system toward renewable energy, and provide impetus to green development. Starting from summarizing the trend of recent studies, this paper encompasses the demand for energy transitions to meet the "dual-carbon" goal, analyzes the environmental problems in the processes of energy transition, and identifies the potential impacts of the production and operation of renewable energy on the environment and ecology. To cope with the challenge of achieving the "dual-carbon" goal, the trends of growth in power generation and energy consumption from 2021 to 2060 are predicted by analyzing the historical growth of renewable energy from 2010 to 2021. In addition, this paper analyzes the demand for land, power transmission, energy storage, and investment for the development of photovoltaic and wind power in China by taking into account the state-of-the-art estimate of photovoltaic and wind power generation. Based on the analysis, it is extrapolated that the renewable growth rate of clean energy in China is insufficient to satisfy the pledges aligning with the "dualcarbon" goal, therefore it is required to overcome the inertia in the energy and economic systems to strengthen the process of energy transition and increase the share of renewable energy in total energy supply. Lastly, a number of suggestions for policy are provided for accelerating the energy transitions to achieve the goal at a low economic cost.

In 2023, countries such as the United States, Europe, Australia, Japan, South Korea, and India successively released national policies and strategic plans for cybersecurity, and the strategic position of cybersecurity was becoming increasingly prominent and constantly improving. At the same time, high covert and destructive attack activities represented by APT attacks,ransomware attacks, supply chain attacks, new network attacks, and mobile attacks were frequent, posing serious security threats to the global cyberspace. Zero trust, confidential computing, privacy computing, and resilient security technologies were flourishing. Quantum key distribution and anti quantum cryptography continued to achieve technological innovation and breakthroughs. Generative artificial intelligence created a new development space for cybersecurity, and the field of cybersecurity was facing unprecedented development opportunities and application prospects.

智能建造数字化平台作为建筑行业数字化转型的关键支撑，在建筑信息模型（BIM）、云计算和大数据等核心技术的驱动下实现了突破性发展。从相关研究总体特征、相关研究现状和平台案例分析3个维度对2010—2023年的相关研究进行分析。研究发现，BIM技术通过三维可视化建模和全生命周期数据管理构建了平台的基础框架；云计算技术凭借其弹性计算资源和分布式处理能力为平台提供了强大的技术支撑；大数据技术则通过实时数据分析和智能决策优化了工程管理流程。以北京城市副中心项目为例，该平台创新性地采用“环状”数字集成交付模式，整合区块链数据确权技术，实现了政府投资项目设计-施工-运维全过程的数字化协同管理，有效解决了传统工程管理中的“三超”问题。然而当前研究仍存在明显局限，比如应用场景主要集中于单体项目层面，缺乏行业级系统整合；技术标准体系尚未统一，制约了数据互联互通；人工智能等新兴技术的融合应用研究相对不足。未来发展方向应着重于构建产业级集成平台，推动规模化应用；建立统一的技术标准和数据接口规范；深化人工智能、数字孪生等创新技术与传统建造技术的融合应用；探索数据资产交易机制，促进数据要素市场化。

2024年，氢能技术产业迅猛发展，取得了多项突破性进展。在制氢方面，大规模绿氢示范项目不断增加，碱性电解槽成本逐渐下降，固体氧化物电解和质子交换膜电解等高效电解技术性能进一步提升，通过电极材料的优化，电解持续效率逐渐增加，膜电极运行寿命不断延长。在储运氢方面，除传统高压气态和液氢外，金属氢化物储氢、有机液态储氢、氨/甲醇等新型氢储运方式的技术成熟度逐渐提高。一方面，镁基合金、钛基合金等金属储氢技术的循环寿命及储氢效率进一步提升，同时通过规模化发展进一步降低了氢储运成本；另一方面，绿氨和绿色甲醇项目发展迅速，成为推动能源转型和工业脱碳的重要举措。未来，随着技术的持续创新，氢能将在交通、工业和大规模长周期储能等多个领域发挥更重要的作用，为碳中和目标的实现提供有力支持。

Based on the special background conditions of China's TOD development, this paper summarizes the practical experiences of Shenzhen's TOD hub construction, and puts forward three core strategies that China's TOD development should follow, namely: establishing a mechanism for unifying interest subjects, building a professional technology coordination platform, and granting decision-making rights to construction and operation subjects, so as to provide references for exploring effective paths for China's TOD development.