Research in the area of soil ecology focuses on biodiversity and ecological functions of soil organisms,as well as the interactions of soil organisms with the environment.Here we summarize the main research directions and contents in soil ecology,introduce concurrent hot topics and research progress,and discuss research prospects.The research of soil ecology may help recognition and utilization of soil biological resources and provide scientific theories and technological support to cope with environmental changes,restore degraded ecosystems,and develop sustainable agriculture.

The terms "Web 3.0" and "Metaverse" now both refer to the third generation of the Internet. A theoretical framework for Web 3.0/Metaverse is constructed, which consists of three parts. The first part is the Web 3.0/Metaverse architecture, including the structure of the Internet at the Web 3.0/Metaverse system level and the structure of computers as the Internet end systems at the Web 3.0/Metaverse component level. The second part is the Web 3.0/Metaverse technology system, including nine Web 3.0/Metaverse technologies. The third part is the Web 3.0/Metaverse application world, which structurely integrates the virtual and real worlds into one and covers five fields, namely economy, politics, military, society, and culture, in either function or scene. A Web 3.0/Metaverse application system is a field or subsystem, or sub-subsystem, etc. of the Web 3.0/Metaverse application world. A kind of Web 3.0/Metaverse application, digital twinning, is analyzed. The first-principle of blockchain is proposed: in the Web 3.0/Metaverse application world, the core function of blockchain is to make contrust (common trust).

Chemical industry production produces a large amount of waste salt to result in environmental pollution due to lack of proper treatment processes. Landfill is presently the main disposal method of waste salts in China, which is impossible to recycle the waste salt. This paper introduces two approaches to waste salt recycling and treatments in detail, that is, the high temperature pyrolysis+brine purification process and the resin adsorption+advanced oxidation process Several application cases are taken to analyze and find the reason for their low rates of waste salt resource utilization. It turns out that the treatment and reuse of waste salt lack related standards and regulations, on the other hand, economical and practical technology for massive application is still unavailable. Therefore some constructive suggestions are put forward, including the industrial waste salt discharge amount should be reduced to some extent to realize waste salt recycling, new method should be developed, and new laws should be published for utilization of waste salt.

Hypersonic vehicle technology, as a symbol of aerospace technology in the new century, has become a focus of attention in military and aerospace fields at home and abroad. This paper introduces the classification of hypersonic vehicles, analyzes the development route, overall plan and performance parameters of the mainstream hypersonic aircraft, and summarizes its technological characteristics. The characteristics and direction of technology development are analyzed in terms of aerodynamic design technology, hypersonic propulsion technology, hypersonic structure thermal protection technology and hypersonic guidance and control technology, which have important influences on the development of hypersonic vehicles. In addition, based on the model development and investment direction of foreign hypersonic vehicles, the development trend of hypersonic vehicle in the future is predicted, so as to provide guidance and reference for the related development research.

Improving the mental well-being of children and adolescents is a significant component of the Healthy China 2030 Initiative, among which the mental health status of left-behind children in rural China deserves more attention. This paper systematically reviews the existing empirical studies of the general status and the influencing factors of the mental health among rural left-behind children, and the intervention studies for improving the mental well-being of this population. Evidences show that, despite of the previous theoretical and empirical work focusing on the mental health of left-behind children, further studies are still needed to set up a consistent concept of left-behind children, with the standard measuring tools of mental health, to carry out the longitudinal studies, to develop the cultural-specific intervention in Chinese rural communities and to facilitate the multidisciplinary collaborations.

Particle physics is a fundamental physics discipline that aims to explore the mysteries of microscopic constitutes of matter and their interactions. This article reviews the major progress and breakthroughs of particle physics in 2021, including dark matter physics, neutrino and astroparticle physics, muon anomalous magnetic moment, flavor physics, new exotic hadron state and strong interaction physics, Higgs physics, electroweak physics and searches for beyond the standard model new physics. A brief outlook of near future particle physics hotspots and large scale scientific facilities is also presented.

The United State's National Quantum Initiative has been implemented for 2 years. This paper reviews the relevant laws, the management mechanisms, the key policy areas, the funding and implementation progress of the National Quantum Initiative, and analyzes the implementation characteristics of the National Quantum Initiative from the aspects of the strategic deployment, the coordinated promotion, the multi-disciplinary platform construction, the Quantum-Smart Workforce and the international cooperation. Finally, some suggestions are put forward to strengthen and optimize China's quantum science and technology strategic plan, promote overall planning and coordination, and establish a quantum technology innovation ecosystem.

The effectiveness evaluation of the joint combat system has important significance. In order to solve the problem of the confrontation effectiveness evaluation of the system-of-systems in the complex combat background, the typical effectiveness evaluation methods are reviewed. The proposed methods can provide a methodological support for the effectiveness evaluation of the operation system-of-systems. Their advantages and disadvantages are illustrated. The problems involved in the existing methods are discussed.

Electron beam lithography plays an irreplaceable role in applications such as high precision mask manufacturing, prototype device research and development, small volume production and fundamental scientific research. So breakthrough in advanced domestic electron beam lithography system is an urgent task in the context of foreign embargo. In this review, we introduce the development process of electron beam lithography systems, list the main manufacturers and latest system parameters of three most popular kinds of system in scientific research and industry, and summarize the progress of electron beam lithography system in China. In comparison with the technical parameters of foreign electron beam lithography systems, the key issues that need to be solved in domestic development are summarized. Among them, the challenges of realizing advanced domestic Gaussian electron beam lithography system are emphatically described, including thermal field emission electron gun, high acceleration voltage, high frequency pattern generator, high precision laser interferometer detection technology, and high precision electron beam deflection compensation technology. This review may provide a technical route reference for advanced domestic electron beam lithography system.

The Chinese talent plan system, which is the core of talent development work and has effectively promoted scientific and technological talents development in decades, is now diverse, hierarchical and extensive after its nearly forty years fast-growing development. In this paper we study the Chinese talent plans from a system perspective. We clarify the conception and classification of talent plans and describe several characteristics and different development stages of the Chinese talent plan system. At the same time, we focus on the problem analysis and put forward some suggestions to improve the Chinese talent plan system development.

The 2021 Nobel Prize in Chemistry has been awarded to two chemists, Benjamin List and David W.C. MacMillan for their contributions "for the development of asymmetric organocatalysis". This paper reviews the source, the innovation and the background of the Nobel prize work. The chiral chemistry, the chiral catalysts and the asymmetric organic catalysis and their control of chirality are explained, along with the categories of the organic catalysis and the catalysts. The important contributions of Chinese scientists in the field of the organic asymmetric catalysis are introduced, and the development, the research status and the future of this field are highlighted.

随着《国家社会经济发展第十四个五年规划和2035年远景目标纲要》的出台，整个社会对于知识和人才的需求再次成为发展的关键因素，考虑到信息时代知识与人才的二合一模式日益增强，决定发展的最根本原因就在于人才的数量与质量，尤其是高端人才的供给情况，为此需要把国内高端人才的供给情况做一些历史性的回顾。

As a kind of weapon with super massive destructive power, genetic weapon can be miraculously effective in modern wars, but it also would be facing several dilemmas on war ethics. Military application of genetic weapons will threaten the civilian exemption, make the war an even more inhumane tool, make it difficult to control the aftermath of wars, and induce serious ecological disasters. In view of this, in the current era, human beings, as the subject of war, should strengthen the management and evaluation of gene technology, enhance moral restraints on and ethical awareness of scientists, and improve the supervisory and disciplinary mechanisms of genetic weapons, so as to effectively contain the research and use of genetic weapons and impose ethical constraints on modern wars.

Wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) is a powerful and cost-effective tool for investigating chemicals consumption/pathogens infection and health status of populations, and is rapidly evolving as COVID-19 continues to ravage the world. This paper reviews the significant developments and breakthroughs of WBE in 2021 including collection, pretreatment and analysis of sewage samples, materials stability, correction factors calculation and uncertainty analysis, implementation cases and so on, based on the research findings published in international top academic journals or the most influential achievements. It provides reference for clarifying the development of WBE and promoting the research and application of WBE.

In the past 20 years, China has made a great progress in the field of the membrane, which plays an important role in the water resources, the new energy, the traditional industrial technology transformation and other related fields. In order to accurately evaluate the service life of the membranes to determine the economical and feasible replacement cycle and the postdisposal plan, this paper systematically reviews the internal and external factors, the characterization methods and the performance parameters that affect the membrane aging, and also discusses the membrane performance factors, the chemical/physical properties, the analysis methods and their interrelationships. The inconsistent research results between the laboratory simulation and the actual operation show that in the study of the membrane aging process it is necessary to consider not only the interaction between the membrane material and the chemical cleaning agent, but also the interaction between the membrane and its surface contaminants. Due to the complexity of the membrane aging process, the life cycle analysis is one of the feasible methods to assess the impact of the membrane aging.

This paper reviews the important progress made in the field of astronomy in 2021, including a series of significant achievements and events, as listed below:probes from various countries arrived on Mars and carried out scientific research; the Insight revealed the interior structure of Mars for the first time; LHAASO observed photons of 1.4 PeV; DAMPE obtained precise energy spectrum covering the energy range 70 GeV to 80 TeV of helium nucleus; IceCube captured neutrino from a tidal disruption event and a particle shower at the Glashow resonance. Astronomers also found the evidence of dark energy existence in the early time of the Universe, released the latest research results of the chang'e-5 samples, found an astronomical optical observing site in Lenghu, which was the best in China, detected the gravitational wave definitely from the neutron-black hole coalescence for the first time, discovered the observational evidence showing some fast radio bursts originated from a magnetar, studied a fast radio burst comprehensively with the help of FAST telescope, proposed a novel method to obtain the mass of a black hole, published the polarized image of black hole M87^*. In addition, James Webb Space Telescope was launched, and Chinese Xihe solar satellite was successfully launched as well.

Human activities in the broad area of sci-tech research have continued despite the still rampant global COVID-19 pandemic. In the past 2021, significant progress was made in bioscience and many related disciplines. This review highlights a few breakthroughs that directly addressed both immediate and long term needs of humans in facing those contingent and constant challenges. Specifically, we briefly present to the reader the progress made in the fields of theoretical and practical structure biology, chemical biology, COVID-19 antibody development, application of gene editing techniques, drug treatment for human mental disorders and development in imaging techniques. 2021 will be remembered for those Chinese scientists who made their particular contributions to the frontier research.

Magnesium-based hydrogen storage materials have the advantages of high hydrogen storage capacity, abundant magnesium resources and low cost, and are considered to be of promising application prospects. In recent years, numerous researches have focused on improving the performance of hydrogen supply by pyrolysis/hydrolysis of MgH₂ and many good achievements have been obtained. Based on the recent research progress, this paper summarizes the effects of the material/ structure modification and the reaction conditions on pyrolysis/hydrolysis performance of the magnesium-based hydrogen storage materials, and expounds the relationship between composition-microstructure-properties of solid Mg-based hydrogen storage materials. Meanwhile, the Mg-based hydrogen storage systems and their industrial applications are summarized. At last, the current results of the solid state Mg-based hydrogen storage are summarized and some suggestions for the future investigations are proposed.

China's financially dominated ecological compensation system is now facing great challenges due to the fund limitation. It is important, with the market-based instruments, to reconstruct China's ecological protection and compensation system for the continued advancement of the ecological conservation and the construction of the eco-civilization. This paper aims to clarify the boundaries and the associations of the ecological protection, the ecological restoration, and the ecological compensation. Based on the principle of "spoilers to make compensation, protectors to get benefits and beneficiaries to pay the cost", this paper proposes a basic ecological compensation system that compensates the ecological land occupied and damaged by the economic construction and rewards various actions of the ecological conservation with the goal of a net gain for the biodiversity. Optimizing the right-based compensation mechanism and improving the revenue-based compensation mechanism are the fundamental routines to establish a sustainable market-oriented, diversified ecological compensation system.

Gilbert Newton Lewis is one of the great chemists of the 20th century. He is considered as the founder of the modern chemical thermodynamics according to his major contribution in developing the thermodynamic theories and applying them to real chemical systems, and his discovery of the covalent bond, and with that concept and that of the electron pairs, the modern theories of chemical bonding were developed. His concepts of acids and bases are another fundamental contribution to the chemistry. Lewis was nominated 41 times for the Nobel Prize in Chemistry without avail, as one of the many controversial inclusions and exclusions in the history of Nobel laureate selections. This paper reviews Lewis's life experiences and scientific achievements, especially, his scientific explorations.

Osborn Reynolds(1842-1912), a British Irish scientist of mechanics, made outstanding contributions to mechanics and engineering throughout his life. This paper reviews Osborne Reynolds's life, academic experience, and contributions to mechanics and engineering, and it is shown that many of his research results were inconspicuous at the time, but were, years later, found to be very important and provided an important basis in related fields.

The low carbon economy rising at the beginning of this century has focused on the low-carbon transition of energy structure and economic structure. China has accelerated the pace of green and low-carbon transformation of energy, continuously upgraded the industrial structure, and achieved remarkable results in energy conservation, emission reduction and carbon reduction. Afforestation and circular economy development have also reduced the carbon intensity and the green and low-carbon lifestyle has become a social fashion since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China. China has actively participated in global governance of climate change and carry out South-South cooperation to address climate change and provide support and assistance to developing countries within its capabilities. China's goal of carbon peak and carbon neutralization has stimulated the vitality of low-carbon economic development. Based on the analysis of opportunities and challenges faced by China's development, it is proposed that we should adhere to the principle of establishing first and then breaking down, make overall planning, ensure energy security while reducing carbon, take the optimization of economic structure as an important task, and take the socialist modernization power with Chinese characteristics as the direction to achieve sustainable development.

Through literature collection and qualitative research, this paper studies Zhan Tianyou's patriotism and national spirit in his childhood and life-long career. The research shows that Zhan, in his high position and weight, adhered to the principles of honesty, unselfishness, non-corruption and wholeheartedness for the country, which sparked many touching and far-reaching light of the rise of the Chinese nation. Under the background of globalization and the new era, in the tide of rejuvenating the country through science and technology and combating corruption, Zhan's spirits are worthy of learning and praising by the whole society.

We define the concept and analyze the connotation of the post-pandemic era by reviewing the recent foreign research on social impacts, risk prevention and control, and emergency management in the post-pandemic era. The current state of foreign research in the post-pandemic era is outlined, and the progress of foreign research on social impacts like urban planning and travel patterns, as well as core issues like risk prevention and control and emergency management in the post-pandemic era is analyzed in detail. The characteristics and shortcomings of existing research are summarized and future research in the postpandemic era is also forecasted. COVID-19 has had a huge impact on how people socialize, travel, and work, as well as changing industry trends, technical advancements, and social governance. Uncertainty is the most significant risk feature of the post-pandemic era, and the coupling of numerous hazards poses a new set of challenges to emergency management practices.

Viruses are the most abundant biological entities on the planet and have important roles in microbial community composition,host evolution and nutrient biogeochemical cycles.Firstly,this article summarizes the research history and development status of environmental viruses and reveals the development process of virus ecology,with focuses on comparative approaches to study soil viral ecology including phenotype,gene diversity,metagenomic,bioinformatics analysis,etc.Then based on these approaches,soil viruses diversity is expounded and the ecological function of soil viruses is further explored.Finally,the application and development prospects of environmental phages (phage therapy) are reviewed and prospected.

Childhood is a critical period in the development of their central nervous system. Stressful life events in childhood may have both short-term and long-term impacts on their mental health. To cope with the COVID-19 epidemic, a series of policies have been adopted worldwide, such as the school closure and the social distancing, which have changed the children's psychosocial environment and are associated with an increased risk of mental health problems. This paper reviews the mental health problems that the children might face amid the COVID-19 epidemic, and discusses the countermeasures that the government, the society, and the family might take. Finally, suggestions are made to promote the psychological recovery of children after the epidemic.

In a world of increased economic and cultural exchanges, the emerging infectious diseases (EIDs) are characterized by the global spread, with a significant impact on the world economy and the public health. The international science and technology collaboration on preventing the infectious diseases, and dealing with the challenge of the global public health emergency, is an urgent task. The mechanism of the international science and technology collaboration (ISTC) plays an important role in the prevention and the control of the EIDs. Based on the studies of the recent outbreak of the newest EID, the novel coronavirus pneumonia, the roles of the ISTC during the EIDs prevention and control are analyzed in this paper. It is shown that the EID prevention and control involves several aspects of the ISTC, including the timely exchange of the latest epidemic information, the quick-response joint research, the sharing of antiviral drugs and medical technology, the personnel training and the construction and the improvement of the EID prevention and control system. Finally, this paper puts forward a few policy recommendations with respect to the EID prevention and control from the perspective of the global governance and the ISTC.

Different from the phased array in which the beam direction is controlled by phase difference between array elements, the frequency diversity array (FDA) radar can realize beam control with higher degree of freedom by introducing frequency difference between array elements. This paper summarizes the research progress of FDA radar at home and abroad, and analyzes its current research status from aspects of array structure and orientation graphic coupling technology, electronic countermeasure technology application, electronic countermeasure technology application and so on. On this basis, some key technical problems to be solved, such as uncoupled FDA time-varying beam control, FDA-based electronic warfare technology and FDA-based radar practical research, are analyzed. For actual combat application of FDA, it is needed to develop a feasible time-invariant FDA distance-angle decoupling method of the beam and carry out integrated application research concerning FDA based structural analysis, launch waveform and frequency control function design, so as to speed up the process of FDA radar from conceptual stage to combat application.

The critical minerals, are referred to those strategic non-fuel minerals that are critical to the national economy and defense security but under high supply risks. The U.S. has focused on its supply security since 1930s. This paper reviews the research progress of the critical minerals and the related policies in the U.S., with several key findings:(1) the focus behind the U.S. mineral criticality policy has shifted from the supply security-oriented to the national competitive strategy-oriented system; (2) the methodology of the criticality assessment is shifted from the static assessment of the mineral-based risks to the dynamic assessment of the manufacturing-based supply risks; (3) the orientation of the supply chain management policy is shifted from the deglobalization of the supply chains to the de-coupling from China; (4) the object of the criticality assessment is shifted from the minerals to the emerging technologies related to the containment of China's development. The evolution of the U.S. strategy for the critical minerals is influenced by its excessive expansion of the national security agendas, the resource demand of the manufacturing reshoring, the return of Cold War Mentality and the intention of maintaining the advantage in the overall national strength. Therefore, China should develop unique criticality assessment frameworks according to the China's reality, strengthen the industry-university-research cooperation in the emerging technologies and the international cooperation in the critical minerals supply chains.

To actively respond to the challenges of the population aging in China, this paper introduces the concept of the PHM model, along with the theoretical support for achieving the "proactive health" instead of the "passive health". The Proactive Health Management (PHM) model is a person-oriented model, which emphasizes one's "own-responsibility" for one's health, in the context of the whole population's engagement and benefit. This paper analyzes the historical development of the health management in China and proposes five dimensions of the PHM concept, including improving the public awareness of the health management, accurately predicting the health risks, intelligently warning for the health crises at an early age, and developing effective interventions, improving health outcomes for all. This paper explores the supporting conditions and technology systems applied in this PHM model based on these five dimensions. Specifically, this paper suggests to conceptualize the PHM, to promote the PHM community at the policy level, and to utilize the information technology, the artificial intelligence, and the behavioral health intervention in the health field. The existing challenges of applying the PHM in practice are reviewed, along with the potential future directions to develop the PHM model in China, particularly, in the health management, the data ecology, the artificial intelligence, the community practice, and the evidence-based medicine. The PHM focuses on the whole population's engagement to ensure that the Chinese population benefits from this model. This study proposes a PHM model as a "five dimension-in-one-place" model that integrates with the informatics and bionomics technologies, putting one's health information in a life circle.

Since the birth of laser, optics and photonics have penetrated into all aspects of people's life. This article reviews the 2021 major progress in the field of optics and photonics and draws up an inventory of fifteen optical research directions, in which the related research may likely have enormous impact on human existence and way of life in the future.

Since the 18th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party, the introduction of a new food security strategy has provided an important basis for ensuring national food security. And new ideas, thoughts and policies have been introduced and supplemented, continuing to enrich and broaden the connotations and boundaries of the road to food security with Chinese characteristics. This paper reviews the important achievements and significance of China's food security under the guidance of the food security strategy in the new era and sorts out the evolutionary path and the shift which characterizes the current food security strategy. China's food security strategy has undergone five major changes:from taking care of the overall food varieties to preserving the key varieties, from promoting output to strengthening production capacity, from pressing the production areas to making a concerted effort, from emphasizing quantity to improving quality, and from the production side to the whole chain. In terms of policy options, to promote further improvements in food security, we should start with the in-depth implementation of the strategy of storing grain in the land and storing grain in technology, improving the institutional mechanism of two positive aspects of farmers' grain cultivation and local food control, establishing a synergistic mechanism of food security and green development under the goal of double carbon, building a double cycle system based on domestic production and integration of international resources and establishing a comprehensive food security system led by the Big Food Vision.

SARS-CoV-2 and its variants, the viruses that cause the COVID-19 pandemic, have some new characteristics, such as the high transmissibility, the long incubation period, the sweeping susceptible population, and the high environmental endurance, so a key question of the pandemic management and control is monitoring the asymptomatic transmission in daily life and socioeconomic activities, especially, the wide-range of cross-region spread. These features pose a great challenge to the traditional pandemic management and control methods and the global public health surveillance and control system. An effective way to tackle this challenge is making full use of the digital technology in the pandemic management and control, and building an accurate regular epidemiological surveillance and smart pandemic management and control system. By analyzing the essential factors of a smart pandemic management and control system, the critical role of the federated learning in the practice of the cross-region and cross-department smart pandemic management and control is shown. According to the classifications of the cross-region pandemic-related data and the pandemic management and control requirements, the technology and the application of the cross-region smart pandemic management and control based on the federated learning are explored. This method is successfully applied in the COVID-19 pandemic management and control in Shanghai and Yangtze River Delta, providing a new pathway for the integrated decision-making and targeted pandemic management and control in China. This method is also instrumental for other countries in the pandemic management and control.

能源是人类社会赖以生存和发展的物质基础。纵观人类社会发展历史，人类社会文明的每一次重大进步都伴随着能源利用的改进和革命。储能技术在促进能源生产消费、开放共享、灵活交易、协同发展，推动能源革命和能源新业态发展方面发挥着至关重要的作用，是新能源与可再生能源发展的核心支撑，储能技术的创新突破将成为带动全球能源格局革命性、颠覆性调整的重要引领技术。当前，世界主要发达国家纷纷加快储能技术和产业的发展，抢占能源战略突破高点。

The third-generation vaccine technology represented by mRNA vaccine has played a important role in the fight against the novel coronavirus pneumonia (COVID-19). The technique of modifying mRNA with pseudouridine and its analogs developed by Katalin Karikó and Drew Weissman is the key basis for the successful development of mRNA vaccine. The scientific research road of the main pioneer of this technology, Katalin Karikó, and the research and development of the mRNA COVID-19 vaccines provide us with much food of thought. Karikó's success is inseparable from her firm belief in face of difficulties and the spirit of persistently and steadfastly engaging in basic research. One should pay more attention to the key role of basic research in promoting the source innovation.

With the rise and the development of the new generation of the information technology represented by the Internet, the big data and the artificial intelligence, a transformation is taken place in China from the traditional industrial economy to the digital economy. In China, the strategy of the integration of two modernizations is actively promoted, showing evidently the advantages of the complete manufacturing industry, the independence and the integrity and the large scale. The traditional manufacturing industry goes from big to strong in the new wave of the technological revolution and the industrial reform, taking a historical leap from "a follow-up pattern" to "advancing side by side" and further to "a pattern in a leading place". The Internet is regarded as an important cornerstone of the fourth industrial revolution. In recent years, in China, the development and the updating of the industrial Internet are encouraged and supported, focusing on the use of the information technology to improve the total factor productivity. This paper analyzes the construction significance, the development path and the future outlook of the industrial Internet by reviewing the development process of the industrial Internet in China, in order to promote the information and the industrialization in a wider and deeper range.

It is a determined measure to promote the innovation strategy of science and technology and cope with the current development challenges to construct a reasonable development plan and an efficient operative mechanism of the national innovation system of systems centering on national laboratories. This paper focuses on the Virtual National Laboratory (VNL) of the US. With this case analysis, the development path and the management model of the VNL are studied. Moreover, the development and the application of high-tech projects, the characteristics of the collaborative innovation operative mechanism are reviewed, including an organic combination of the government coordination and the market operation, the extensive participation of various powers, the effective protection for the intellectual property of innovation achievements, and the efficient information communication mechanism. Finally, related suggestions are proposed, as well as the enlightenments of the VNL and the existing management problems of Chinese major scientific research institutions. Firstly, the innovation mechanism for compound scientific research projects should be explored, which combines the government coordination and the market demands. Secondly, the administration should give full play to the cohesive function of national laboratories to enhance the basic scientific research leveraging industry power. Thirdly, the agile response mechanism of scientific research requirements should be constructed quickly for interdisciplinary and comprehensive projects with multiple stake-owners.

The marine carbon sink serves as an important global strategy for mitigating and adapting to the climate changes. In order to let the marine carbon sink to play the role of promoting the low-carbon economy and the sustainable development, it is necessary to study its market mechanisms. This paper analyzes the advantages and the disadvantages of promoting the marine carbon sink’ s market transactions using the theoretical methods based on different disciplines such as the economics, the management, and the sociology. And from the aspects of the construction principles, the model selection, the development path, the element design, the operation mechanism and the safeguard measures of the marine carbon sink trading market, the construction strategy of China's marine carbon sink trading market is comprehensively analyzed and discussed. It is shown that, first, for the construction of China's marine carbon sink trading market, a market-combined government model should be adopted, along with a phased development path arrangement. Second, the construction of the marine carbon sink trading market should include various market elements, such as the supply and demand, the price, the risk and other market operating mechanisms and supporting mechanisms. Third, the continuous and effective operation of the marine carbon sink trading market should be ensured from four aspects: the organizational leadership, the top-level design, the scientific research and the talent training.

Fengyun (FY) series meteorological satellite is an important space infrastructure in China, and an important symbol of meteorological modernization. Since the first FY meteorological satellite launched in 1988, China has successfully launched 19 FY meteorological satellites. At present, 8 FY satellites are operating in orbit, and have formed an observation network system of polar-orbiting and geostationary meteorological satellites. The independent development of meteorological satellite serialization and operation has been realized. The overall strength of FY meteorological satellite coming up with international advanced ranks, which has strongly support meteorological disaster prevention and mitigation, and make great contribution to national economic and social development, "Belt and Road" construction. This paper introduces the development of FY meteorological satellites, research and application of progress in numerical weather forecasting, weather monitoring, climate and climate change, ecological and environmental disaster monitoring, agriculture monitoring, and "Belt and Road" service. The future development of FY meteorological satellite is also prospected.

Soft robot is a new kind of robot with various freedom of movement and good environmental adaptability. However, low stiffness of the soft robot limits its practical carrying capacity. Therefore, it is meaningful to develop variable stiffness technology for soft robot. This paper summarizes the new variable stiffness technology in recent 5 years, introduces and analyzes its working principles including electrostatic adsorption principle, layer interference principle, self-locking origami mechanism, electrical/magnetorheological principle and minimum potential energy principle, variable stiffness performance and practical application. This paper also discusses the challenges for the current variable stiffness technology and the future development direction, and summarizes the potential research value of the new generation of variable stiffness technology.