Organizational resilience is fundamental for an organization to maintain its survival and achieve sustainable development when encountering severe risks. The study of organizational resilience in disaster scenarios aims to establish a dialogue channel between theoretical research on resilience and emergency management practice, and to guide the research and practice of disaster emergency management with the rich achievements and management inspirations of organizational resilience research. Therefore, based on raising the research issues of organizational resilience in disaster scenarios, this paper uses Citespace software to sort out the core literature in the field of disaster resilience, sort out the research topics of concern, and form an organizational resilience research and analysis framework based on the entire process of disaster emergency management, and then proposes future research prospects.

Post−disaster restoration and reconstruction after major disasters is an open and complex mega−system project. This paper attempts to interpret the historical development of post−disaster restoration and reconstruction in China from the system engineering perspective. First, we define major disaster events and provide classification and outline significant catastrophic events since 1949. Secondly, we use Hall's three−dimensional morphology and Wuli−Shili−Renli system approach to construct the system structure of post−disaster restoration and reconstruction from three dimensions: development stages, critical activities, and science and technology. Then, by examining the specific measures of post−disaster restoration and reconstruction in typical catastrophic events and their relationship with the evolution of human−environment interactions, the traditional, sustainable and intelligent patterns of post−disaster restoration and reconstruction systems are revealed. Finally, the historical experiences of China's post−disaster restoration and reconstruction are summarized in five aspects: institutional advantages and legal guarantees, cross−departmental coordination and information sharing, intelligent monitoring and precise needs assessment, infrastructure and cultural construction, and catastrophe relief and insurance.

As global climate change accelerates and urbanization progresses, natural disasters such as floods, earthquakes, and typhoons pose serious threats to human society. The development of information technology provides new momentum and possibilities for disaster prevention, reduction, and relief systems, greatly enhancing the efficiency and effectiveness of disaster management. This paper analyzes the key applications of information technology in modern disaster management systems and discusses its potential to improve disaster response speed and reduce casualties. The application of information technology significantly enhances the precision and speed of disaster warnings, offering technical support to reduce disaster losses. With further advancements in information technology and the integration of multi−source data, the intelligence and precision of disaster management will continue to improve, providing more robust security for society.

After a major disaster, the recovery and reconstruction of housing are related to the stability of urban and rural society and the level of governance. It is not only the reconstruction of the survival foundation but also the reconstruction of social relationships and governance capabilities. It must be planned with a focus on the restoration of real social governance capabilities and how to reduce losses in the event of another major disaster in the future. From the practice of housing recovery and reconstruction, it cannot be separated from the joint promotion of the government and the market. The market can efficiently solve the incentive problem of social forces participating in reconstruction, and the government can more effectively address the restoration of social governance capabilities and future disaster prevention and reduction issues. At the same time, practice has shown that only through cooperation between the government and the market can both aspects be optimally resolved. In the process of "normal society–extraordinary society–reconstruction of normal society", it is necessary to fairly and harmoniously handle the supply of private and public goods in the housing reconstruction process and achieve the modernization of urban and rural governance as the guiding principle of social reconstruction. The analysis of the experience of three sample areas based on housing recovery and reconstruction also demonstrates the value of this understanding. It can be seen that in the process of housing reconstruction after a major disaster, the modernization of urban and rural social governance should be the basic consideration. By establishing a post−disaster housing reconstruction funding support system combining national subsidies and market post−disaster insurance systems, it can incentivize market forces such as enterprises to participate in housing reconstruction and simultaneously regulate housing reconstruction and social reconstruction from the policy and legal levels.

With the advancement of urbanization, the impact of catastrophe on socio−economic systems in increasing. This paper takes 12 counties (cities) in the hard−hit areas of Wenchuan earthquake in 2008 as the research object, and discusses the temporal and spatial evolution of economic, social and institutional resilience before and after the disaster. The results show that although the Wenchuan earthquake has caused serious damage to various regions, the level of economic, social and institutional resilience in various regions has increased year by year under effective policy support and resource allocation. Based on the research results, this paper proposes strategies such as optimizing resource allocation and infrastructure restoration, improving community participation and self−recovery capabilities, in order to further enhance the economic, social and institutional resilience of geological disaster−prone areas and achieve safer and sustainable development. This study provides an empirical basis for the government and decision makers to formulate more effective disaster response and recovery strategies, and promotes the scientific and systematic development of disaster management and resilience building.

With the frequent occurrence of extreme rainfall events around the world in recent years, the floods caused by them seriously threaten the safety of human life and property. Due to the abundant rainfall, undulating terrain, and good runoff conditions in mountainous areas. After rain, the flood flow of rivers rises sharply. Serious floods often form in the plains in front of mountains where human activities are frequent. To reduce the impact of floods on the human living environment, it is urgent to research the risk of heavy rainfall floods in the plains in front of mountains. This research will provide scientific guidance for flood prevention and mitigation. In this paper, the Piedmont area in northwestern Balochistan, severely affected by the 2022 floods in Pakistan, is taken as the study area. Two factors were selected as the flood indicators: substrate and climate. The weights of hierarchical analysis and mean squared difference decision method is assigned using the combination of weighting rules. The risk of the study area is calculated by combining the flood hazard resistance of different surface types, infrastructure, and economic development levels. The results show that the flood inundation prediction based on the combined weighting rule is consistent with reality. The predicted inundation area encompasses 90.31% of the actual inundated area. The results indicate that areas of very high risk are primarily located in regions with abundant farmland, low topography, and weak flood resistance. In these areas, floodwaters tend to accumulate.The study demonstrates that this inundation model can accurately predict flood inundation areas. The evaluation results can guide disaster prevention and mitigation efforts in the study area and similar regions along the "Belt and Road" to reduce the risk of flooding.

In recent years, major maritime countries and international organizations such as the United States, Russia, Japan, South Korea, the United Nations, and the European Union have issued multiple medium − and long−term ocean strategies and plans, intensifying efforts to promote the development of key marine science and technology fields, striving to make breakthroughs and progress in marine basic research, deep−sea technology, Arctic technology, shipping industry, marine renewable energy, and marine electronic information technology. In the medium to long term, the world's marine technology will present many new development trends. From the perspective of planning issued by major developed countries and international organizations involved in the ocean, this article summarizes and analyzes the main trends in the development of world ocean technology in areas such as ocean basic research, deep−sea fields, shipping industry, marine renewable energy development, and global ocean observation. It also summarizes that there are still many shortcomings in China's ocean technology, such as the gap between its basic research level and that of a world ocean technology powerhouse, insufficient innovation in deep−sea technology equipment, and reliance on imports for key core technologies. On this basis, it is suggested to strengthen the basic research of marine science and technology, and enhance the research and development efforts in key marine technology fields.

Based on the background and authoritative definition of "new quality productivity, " this study systematically examines the concept, connotation, theoretical framework, and implementation pathways of marine new quality productivity. The research highlights that marine new quality productivity is driven by marine scientific and technological innovation, relying on significant advancements in marine technology to achieve innovative allocation of marine production factors and promote deep transformation and upgrading of the marine industry, thereby fostering modern marine advanced productivity. The core connotation of marine new quality productivity is analyzed from three dimensions: macro, meso, and micro levels. Its fundamental characteristics encompass innovation–driven development, openness and integration, green and low–carbon practices, and efficient innovation. Guided by innovation, with "new" and "quality" as its starting and ending points respectively, the framework centers on "factor deepening, technological change, and industrial iteration" as its main trunk, supported by channels including the industrial system, green production, production relations, education, and technology, all underpinned by the "new development concept." This study proposes a pathway for realizing marine new quality productivity, prioritizing high–quality development, with scientific and technological innovation as the core driving force, high–quality labor force as the mainstay, and green development as the sole path.

The Global Ocean Observing System (GOOS), as a globally vital ocean observing network, is dedicated to integrating sustained ocean observing activities to provide unified data support for key areas such as climate policy, disaster early warning, weather forecasting, and marine resource management. With the continuous development of technologies, international scientific community and policy circles claim that the observation based on buoys, ocean gliders, ships, sea level, high−frequency radar, as well as animal sensors also faces a number of governance challenges, especially in areas under national jurisdiction. These challenges include the lack of coordination between legal procedures and actual operations, difficulties in advance notification, issues with the 'consent' process in disputed areas, and the absence of a domestic 'consent' process for the application of new technologies. Currently, international bodies such as the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) have begun to take measures to address these challenges. In response, the author suggests that China accelerate the innovation and development of marine observation technology, actively participate in global marine observation affairs, and accelerate the cultivation of professional talents for international marine science and technology governance, in order to effectively respond to potential changes in global ocean governance.

The level of marine science and technology is an important indicator of a country's scientific and technological strength. Under the global trend of green energy and low−carbon transformation and the guidance of the "dual carbon goals", marine energy resources have become an important growth pole for ensuring China's energy security. This paper selects six representative subfields in the marine field, comprehensively analyzes the development trends, demands and challenges of engineering science and technology, and uses the strategic research method of technology foresight. Combined with the vision of economic and social development, it innovatively distills 10 key technologies, 10 common technologies and 3 disruptive technologies. It proposes a three−in−one strategic framework for China's marine engineering science and technology development in 2040: "possessing an advanced and independent marine equipment and technology system, enhancing the green development capacity of marine energy and resources, and establishing a technical guarantee system for marine security and strategic interests", as well as six major marine science and technology projects: demonstration of comprehensive development of offshore energy, global intelligent space−air−ground−sea integrated marine information networking, green development of marine mineral resources, construction of an all−round marine environment monitoring network, development of biological resources in polar and oceanic high seas, and green development of China's exclusive economic zone fishery. The research suggests: strengthening the top−level design in the field of marine engineering science and technology, and doing a good job in overall planning; giving full play to the advantages of the system and mechanism, and realizing the integrated application of industry− university−research− use; strengthening independent innovation, and forming high−quality development of technology and equipment; deepening international exchanges and cooperation, and enhancing international discourse power; innovating the mechanism and system of marine talents, and strengthening talent cultivation and transformation of achievements; increasing investment in research and development, seizing new opportunities for leapfrog development, and helping China realize the grand blueprint of a marine power as soon as possible.

Biodiversity monitoring is essential for the conservation of biodiversity. Traditional methods of biodiversity monitoring are often time-consuming, costly, inefficient, and heavily influenced by human activity. These limitations hinder large-scale and long-term continuous monitoring, making it difficult to support the operational requirements and the goals of building a beautiful China. To address these challenges, this study proposes the concept of an intelligent biodiversity monitoring system, leveraging new equipment and advanced technologies. The system integrates ground-based and remote sensing monitoring, primarily utilizing passive survey equipment such as infrared cameras and audio recorders. It relies on cutting-edge technologies, including the Internet of Things (IoT), artificial intelligence (AI), and environmental DNA (eDNA), to achieve automated data collection and intelligent species identification. This system supports biodiversity surveys, monitoring, assessments, and early warning mechanisms. This paper summarizes the progress of the pilot project for the intelligent biodiversity monitoring system in Lishui City, Zhejiang Province. The project has successfully implemented intelligent monitoring of plants, mammals, birds, amphibians, reptiles, insects, and aquatic organisms. It provides practical case studies and theoretical support for the operational implementation of intelligent biodiversity monitoring systems.

With the rapid development of human society and economy, factors such as climate change have prompted the sharp loss of global biodiversity. Plants are a core component of biodiversity, and ex situ conservation to save endangered plants has become the core work of botanical gardens. At present, ex situ conservation based on protecting the genetic diversity of endangered plants remains a challenge. Genomic technologies have made it possible to accurately identify the taxonomic status of endangered plants, explore the population evolutionary dynamics and endangering causes of endangered plants and analyze genetic diversity at the whole-genome level and its adaptability to future climates. This paper summarizes the development of genomic sequencing technologies for plant conservation and the effectiveness and current status of ex situ conservation, as well as the research progress of genomics in helping protect endangered plants in terms of mining functional and adaptive variant genes, species identification, genetic risk assessment, and regulation of growth, development, and secondary metabolism. In response to how to promote future ex situ conservation in the genomic era, countermeasures, suggestions, and future development trends are proposed.

Multi-omics data, including genomics, transcriptomics, and epigenomics, contain a wealth of genetic information and are crucial for the study of biological genetic diversity and the conservation of biodiversity. However, the integration and reuse of multi-omics data remain challenging due to their massive volume and fragmented distribution across disparate databases and published literature. To facilitate timely submission and sharing of multi-omics data in life science, National Genomics Data Center (NGDC) has established multiple foundational data submission platforms. Additionally, to fully integrate and explore existing omics data resources, NGDC has developed several multi-omics integration resources and knowledge bases for domesticated animals and plants. Currently, NGDC has preliminarily formed a comprehensive multi-omics big data framework, which will significantly contribute to the conservation of biodiversity, including species identification, the protection of endangered species, breeding programs, and monitoring changes in habitats.

Basin ecological security is a major issue for human survival and development and has become an important branch in the field of social security research. This paper applies the principles and analytical methods of landscape ecology to evaluate the ecological security of the Chahannaoer Basin. Starting from the perspective of landscape structure, the ecological security status of the basin in 2010 and 2024 was evaluated using metrics such as Patch Density (PD), Landscape Shape Index (LSI), Landscape Division Index (DIVISION), and Landscape Aggregation Index (AI). Furthermore, a dynamic change analysis is conducted. Meanwhile, the study calculated the intensity of mutual transitions between ecosystem types and the overall dynamic degree of the watershed within the specified time period. The results indicate that between 2010 and 2024, the forest area and construction land in the basin showed an upward trend, while the grassland area showed a downward trend, and the saline-alkali land area increased significantly. A comprehensive analysis of the spatial distribution patterns of the indices PD, LSI, DIVISION, and AI reveals that the fragmentation of most landscapes decreased. Notably, the fragmentation of croplands and forests showed a significant decline, whereas the fragmentation of wetlands increased sharply. During this period, the land cover transition index and the comprehensive land cover change rate in the Chahannaoer Basin were 47.36% and 20.54%, respectively, indicating that land cover types are still transitioning towards a more favorable state.

Drug discovery, as the core driving force of the modern pharmaceutical industry, faces the difficulty of the traditional model's "high investment, long cycle, and low output, " urgently requiring breakthroughs to address increasingly complex health demands. The rapid development of artificial intelligence (AI) technology has brought revolutionary changes to drug discovery, significantly enhancing efficiency and success rates in areas such as protein structure prediction, protein design, antibody drug design, and small molecule drug development. This article focuses on the domestic and international progress of AI in these key domains, providing an in-depth analysis of AI breakthrough in protein structure prediction and its potential applications in target discovery and virtual screening. It explores the closed-loop model of AI-driven protein design, from structure prediction to functional innovation, and examines AI's role in antibody sequence optimization, affinity maturation, and novel antibody design. Additionally, it reviews the latest achievements of AI in small molecule drug target identification, virtual screening, and ADMET optimization. The article also highlights challenges in AI applications, including data quality, model interpretability, and experimental validation, while envisioning future directions such as multimodal data integration, dynamic behavior prediction, and automated platforms. By comprehensively analyzing the current state and challenges of AI-enabled drug discovery, this article aims to offer scientific perspectives and insights to accelerate new drug creation and enhance human health and well-being. It seeks to provide readers with a thorough and insightful view of technological issues in AI-empowered drug discovery, stimulate thinking about future directions, and promote the more effective application of AI technologies in this field, ultimately benefiting human health through an accelerated drug development process.

Deep-sea exploration is a key technology for developing marine resources, studying the evolution of the Earth, and protecting the Earth's ecosystem. This paper reviews the main progress of deep-sea exploration technology in the past seven years (2019–2025), including the fields of submersibles, sensors, communication, energy, etc., and looks ahead to the development trends in the next 5~10 years. Firstly, the importance and challenges of deep-sea exploration are introduced. Then, the current status of technologies in various aspects such as deep-sea submersibles, sensors and observations, sampling and analysis, communication and navigation, energy, as well as big data and artificial intelligence are described in detail. The analysis shows that intelligentization, long endurance, and in-situ experimental technologies will become the core directions, but the adaptability to high-pressure environments, energy supply, and data transmission remain the main bottlenecks. Subsequently, the future development trends such as intelligentization and autonomy, long endurance and energy innovation, and the cost revolution are discussed. It is expected that this paper will play a certain guiding role in promoting the sustainable development of deep-sea exploration technology.

In the context of global efforts to address climate change and China's determined march toward the twin goals of carbon peak and carbon neutrality, methane control and emission reduction have become key links in achieving sustainable development and climate targets. This paper analyzes the strategic layout for methane management and mitigation under these twin carbon objectives. To date, preliminary achievements have been made: A three-dimensional "air–space–ground" monitoring system enables precise localization of emission sources; upstream recovery rates in energy extraction have improved; source-control technologies for rice cultivation and livestock farming in agriculture have matured; and a methane-focused climate finance framework has injected fresh capital into reduction efforts. However, methane mitigation challenges remain severe. In the energy sector, methane leaks in traditional coal mining and fugitive emissions in oil and gas systems hinder the green transition; in agriculture, anaerobic processes in rice paddies and enteric fermentation and manure management in livestock farming lead to significant methane release; and in waste treatment, landfill disposal and anaerobic treatment of industrial wastewater generate large methane volumes. In response, this paper proposes a cross-sectoral collaboration that breaks down the boundaries among the energy, agriculture, and waste-treatment industries to build an integrated mitigation system. This approach balances energy security with the twin carbon goals by steadily steering the energy mix toward greener, lower-carbon sources while ensuring supply reliability. It also calls for leveraging educational, research, and talent advantages to establish national-level science and innovation platforms to tackle key technological challenges in methane control. Looking ahead, with sustained technological innovation, targeted policy optimization, and deep international cooperation, China is poised to overcome current methane-control obstacles, achieve substantial emission reductions, support its carbon-peak and neutrality goals, and contribute meaningfully to global climate governance.

Optical vacuum measurement technology, with its remarkable advantages in expanding measurement ranges and breaking through uncertainty limitations, has emerged as a key technology supporting innovation in strategic fields such as deep space exploration, semiconductor manufacturing, and advanced equipment development. This paper initiates from the interaction mechanism between photons and gas molecules, comprehensively introducing theoretical model innovations and experimental setup breakthroughs in quantum optical methods for retrieving vacuum parameters, including Fabry−Perot cavity optical interferometry, cold atom collisional loss, and spectral absorption. It systematically reviews the latest developments from fundamental research to engineering applications by international research institutions in this field. In-depth analysis reveals existing bottleneck issues within current quantum vacuum measurement technology systems. Subsequently, potential evolution directions for quantum vacuum measurement technology are prospected through technical pathways such as quantum vacuum standard establishment and miniaturized device integration.

Ice lithography (IL) is an emerging micro/nanofabrication technique based on electron beam interaction with cryogenic materials, which enables direct writing and transfer of nanoscale patterns through localized electron beam irradiation on solid ice resists formed by gas condensation on cryogenic substrates. Since its inception, this technology has rapidly evolved with distinctive advantages: Firstly, the low electron sensitivity of ice resists permits in situ observation during processing, facilitating high-precision overlay alignment. Secondly, ice films demonstrate exceptional conformal coverage on non-planar substrates, overcoming the planarization constraints inherent to conventional lithography. Thirdly, the solvent-free removal of ice resists via thermal desorption establishes an environmentally benign process, particularly advantageous for processing sensitive and fragile materials. This review systematically examines the historical development of IL, comprehensively summarizes key advancements in technical characteristics, fabrication accuracy, equipment evolution, and process applications, while providing prospects for future directions. It aims to stimulate interdisciplinary research and explore the application potential of this novel technology in emerging fields including three-dimensional optoelectronic devices, biosensing platforms, and flexible electronics.

Envisioning the strategic demands for building a modernized powerful nation in 2040 and motivated by the integrated development of new materials, new productive forces, and emerging industries, this manuscript comprehensively analyzes the common requirements of national strategies, relevant policies, and action outlines regarding frontier-disruptive core technologies and critical material development. Based on the advancement and innovation of Materials Genome Engineering's core technologies setting a crucial foundation for key innovations in AI data infrastructure, foundational material models, R&D of new materials, and industrial applications, AI will further accelerate the development of high-throughput intelligent computing software/tools, drive paradigm shifts from high-throughput experimentation to autonomous experimentation, propel the evolution of material AI agents, construct data resource nodes/platforms with standardized specifications, advance new productivity and novel material industries, as well as foster educational paradigm transformation and next-generation talent cultivation. The convergence of Materials Genome Engineering and intelligent science is fundamentally reshaping the underlying logic of material science, technology, and education through a trinity model consisted of ''theoretical reconstruction, technological empowerment, and industrial traction''. This integration represents not merely disciplinary upgrading, but a systematic transformation encompassing scientific paradigms, industrial ecosystems, and talent development models. It will cultivate interdisciplinary professionals crucial for strategic fields such as advanced materials, emerging industries, and future-oriented sectors.

Calcium-based batteries have attracted increasing attention as promising candidates for next-generation energy storage, owing to the natural abundance of calcium (approximately 2500 times more abundant than lithium in the Earth's crust), its high volumetric capacity (2073 mA·h·cm-3), and favourable environmental profile. Despite these advantages, their development remains hindered by several fundamental challenges, including inefficient and irreversible calcium metal plating/stripping, narrow electrochemical stability windows of electrolytes, and the scarcity of high-performance cathode materials. Here we provide a comprehensive overview of recent progress in calcium-based battery research, with a focus on calcium metal anode design, rational electrolyte design, development of cathode chemistries, and advances in cell configurations. We critically examine the underlying mechanisms and representative strategies proposed to address current bottlenecks, and discuss emerging opportunities for calcium-based systems in grid-scale and extreme-environment applications. This Review aims to offer a clear perspective on the path toward practical calcium-based batteries and to inspire future research directions for unlocking their full potential.

This paper provides a comprehensive review of the development, current status and future prospects of Tokamak-type nuclear fusion devices in the world. First, it expounds the advantages of fusion energy compared with other energy sources, such as its high safety, abundant fuel reserves, high energy density, no greenhouse gas emissions like carbon dioxide and environmental friendliness. Subsequently, it focuses on reviewing the historical development of the Tokamak, from the concept's inception in the 1950s to the current construction of the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER). It highlights the renowned tokamak devices that have made significant influential achievements and critical technological breakthroughs in the world, such as those that have validated the scientific feasibility of controlled nuclear fusion, achieved the highest fusion energy gain (Q), set world records for plasma triple products, reached the highest plasma temperatures, or revealed important physical phenomena, mechanisms, and new or advanced operation modes. Next, the paper also examines the critical scientific and technological challenges yet to be resolved for Tokamak fusion reactors, such as fuel cycles, tritium self - sufficiency, and materials issues. Finally, it offers perspectives on the future development direction of Tokamak fusion reactors and the commercialization prospects of fusion energy. This review aims to serve as a reference for the field of nuclear fusion research.

Circular aptamers, as a class of nucleic acid molecules with closed-loop topological structures, have emerged as superior molecular recognition probes in fields such as food safety, environmental monitoring and disease diagnostics owing to their intrinsic exonuclease resistance, superior thermodynamic stability, and excellent compatibility with rolling circle amplification techniques. This article systematically reviews the synthesis methods, high-efficiency selection strategies, structure-function rational design, rolling circle amplification-driven ultrasensitive detection, and multivalent probe applications of circular aptamers. Furthermore, it provides insights into future directions, including large-scale efficient synthesis techniques, artificial intelligence-assisted structural design, and the development of dynamic selection models for analyzing interactions in complex biological matrices.

从水源、水厂、管网及风险控制方面阐述了饮用水安全保障的发展现状，总结了饮用水安全领域20余年来在水质风险识别与评价、水源修复、水质净化、管网输配以及农村供水方面的重要成果，在监测设备国产化及能力提升、城镇龙头水稳定达标和农村供水提质等方面取得重大突破，创建了饮用水安全保障技术体系。分析了在新时代美丽中国建设目标下，饮用水安全保障领域面临的水源水质波动、新污染物风险及厂网智慧化程度有待提升等技术挑战与难题，如新污染物去除效率低、毒性副产物缺乏风险控制、化学药剂使用量高、流程繁琐等，并提出了未来要发现的水质净化新原理及新方法、研发水质净化新工艺及新技术、构建高品质饮用水技术体系及未来水厂的发展方向。

随着中国污染控制进入深水区和“双碳”目标的提出，传统污染源治理技术在碳污协同减排和多介质污染协同控制等方面面临诸多挑战，亟需探索环境治理新范式。针对城市环境复合污染治理难题，将污染控制由排放源拓展至环境过程，论述了通过人工手段强化城市环境的自净功能，利用自然界的光、热、风、氧、水等条件实现污染物的环境过程净化，耦合气-水-土多介质人工强化环境自净技术构建“自净城市”，有望成为环境保护工作新的增长点，从而巩固当前污染源排放控制的成果，保障环境质量持续改善。在此基础上，对污染物环境过程净化、自净城市的理论与技术进行了介绍，如将气–水–土多介质人工强化环境自净技术在城市区域进行多场景、多过程、全方位应用，以提升城市环境容量，持续改善城市环境质量，并对城市环境污染物自净过程与机制、人工强化自净材料与技术、多介质环境自净应用策略与方案、城市环境自净能力评估4方面提出了发展建议。

土壤健康是指土壤可持续支持植物生产力、保持环境质量、促进动植物和人类健康的能力。土壤健康直接关系到土壤资源可持续利用和社会经济可持续发展。在论述土壤健康概念内涵及研究现状的基础上，探讨了面向土壤健康的土壤生态调控原理与技术体系，提出从改善土壤环境和调控土壤生物系统2方面管理土壤健康，并特别强调了根际微生物组在土壤健康管理中的重要作用；以保护性农业为例，介绍了通过生态工程措施维持农田土壤健康的基本原则和具体实践。最后，展望了土壤健康研究的未来方向，提出构建中国土壤健康管控系统等建议，旨在提升公众对土壤健康的认知，推进土壤健康研究，为中国土壤资源永续利用提供科技支撑。

矿产资源的开发和利用是维系现代社会经济发展和人类活动的重要基础。然而，近百年来各类矿产资源的开采和加工产生了大量尾矿矿渣，严重威胁着生态环境和人类社会的可持续发展。如何实现尾矿区的生态重建成为实现可持续矿业的关键。在分析传统尾矿生态修复技术不足的基础上，提出基于土壤发生学原理的尾矿生态修复新策略，即尾矿成土生态工程。具体而言，本策略将尾矿视为成土母质矿物，通过系统性生态工程手段加速成土过程，并逐步将其改造成具有多孔物理结构和化学缓冲特性，能够承载生态功能的稳定类土基质，从而实现对尾矿区的生态重建。尾矿成土生态工程需综合考虑尾矿的特性、本地微生物和植物物种资源及气候条件，因地制宜设计技术路线，构建成套技术体系。最后，基于现有研究进展，提出了尾矿成土的关键基础科学问题和技术应用前景。

市政污泥和餐厨垃圾是城市代谢产生的2种典型有机固废，它们的低碳资源循环再利用是“无废城市”建设的重要一环。目前，在全国将污泥和餐厨垃圾厌氧沼渣协同资源化处置的案例较少，且其共热解制备的生物炭的理化性质及重金属的稳定固化效果尚不明晰。本研究从多源固废协同资源化再利用降低投资和运行成本的角度，首先对市政污泥和餐厨垃圾厌氧沼渣进行了共热解实验研究，然后建立了一套日处理能力干基20 t的脱水污泥与沼渣协同热解炭化示范装置，并进行了长时间稳定运行分析。结果表明，在600℃的热解温度下，随着沼渣向污泥中添加比例的增加，焦油和热解气产率降低，而生物炭产率则逐渐升高（质量分数由1∶0时的62.71%增加至1∶3时的73.14%）；共热解后的钾和磷主要富集在生物炭中；共热解所得生物炭中重金属的残渣态和氧化态所占比例均高达80%以上，说明热解技术有利于重金属的稳定固化；与污泥生物炭相比，共热解生物炭中的O—H收缩振动峰有明显减弱，但—C=O吸收峰增强。示范工程运行结果表明，在热解温度400~500℃，单独污泥或沼渣以及污泥与沼渣混合热解后的生物炭得率基本在25%~30%；生物炭中的挥发分为13%~15%，高位热值在4500~5500 kJ·kg^-1；生物炭中的固定碳含量 < 10%，这种碳非常稳定，将其施入土壤中后可以长期稳定存在而不被分解释放CO₂，与污泥焚烧相比，热解1 t污泥相当于减排0.024 t的CO₂；生物炭中的重金属形态更趋近于稳定固化，与实验室研究结果趋势一致。

随着全球人口的快速增长和气候变化带来的挑战，水稻育种面临前所未有的压力。综述了传统育种技术与前沿育种技术在水稻种质创新中的应用，分析了各自的优劣势。传统育种技术如诱变育种、转基因育种和杂交育种，在遗传多样性拓展方面发挥了重要作用，但效率较低，难以满足当前对水稻新品种的需求。相对而言，前沿技术如分子标记辅助选择、基因编辑、分子设计育种和双单倍体育种，在提高育种效率和精准度方面具有巨大潜力，但高成本和法规限制仍是主要障碍。提出了应综合运用多种育种技术，强化基因组学研究，优化基因编辑工具，并加强国际合作，以推动水稻育种的持续创新和发展。融合传统与前沿技术，尤其是现代科技手段，将大幅提升水稻育种效率，并为应对全球粮食安全挑战提供更强支持。

2008—2022年，中国油料产量实现“十五连丰”，分析这一成就的背后成因对促进油料持续增产意义重大。通过公式分解，定量测算单产、种植面积和种植结构调整3个因素在“十五连丰”期间对油料增产的贡献，聚焦大豆、油菜、花生3大油料，构建柯布-道格拉斯生产函数（C-D生产函数）模型，分析生产资料投入、政策、气候和农户行为对油料单产的影响。结果表明：大豆对油料增产的贡献率最高，花生和油菜籽次之，其他油料作物的贡献率最低；单产提升对中国油料增产的贡献最大，种植面积扩大和种植结构调整的贡献相对较小，且随着时间的推移，单产提升在3大油料增产中的作用愈发重要；种子费、化肥费、劳动投入、政策环境、温度对油料单产具有显著影响，其中，种子费、化肥费、劳动力投入是推动油料单产提升的重要因素。最后，基于研究结果提出推动未来油料增产的针对性政策建议。

随着人口增长和耕地资源的紧张，传统高投入、高产出的农业模式已难以持续，提高土壤肥力、充分利用作物间作时空配置、增强农田生态系统稳定性等方面的生态效益，以及促进农业可持续发展方面的经济社会效益已成为农业可持续发展亟待解决的问题。综述了大豆‖玉米带状复合种植国内外研究现状，论述了其在改善土壤质量及生态环境等方面的影响，明确了优化光合空间资源利用、提高作物产量等方面的优势。大豆‖玉米带状复合种植作为一种资源节约型和环境友好型技术模式，土地资源高效利用、生态稳定性增强和作物产量提升效果显著，破解了传统种植模式单一、土壤养分失衡和农田空间资源利用不充分，以及经济收益多元稳定的科技难题，为推动大豆‖玉米带状复合种植技术广泛应用，以及实现农业高质量、可持续发展目标提供重要理论支撑。

氮素对植物生长发育及提高产量和品质至关重要，但过度施用氮肥会造成资源浪费和环境污染，因此，深入理解植物氮素利用的遗传分子机制对改良作物氮素利用效率具有重要意义。系统总结了近几年植物氮素感知与转运途径、氮素同化途径及植物响应氮素信号的转录调控途径等方面的研究进展，以及作物氮高效相关基因的遗传定位和氮素调控途径研究结果在作物育种中的应用现状，这些研究将为培育高产、高效、绿色作物新品种奠定基础，促进作物生产可持续发展。同时探讨了未来在如何建立氮高效评价体系、完善氮素利用分子调控网络、协同调控植物氮高效、产量和品质等重要性状、挖掘作物种质资源中优异氮素利用关键基因资源，以及建立作物氮素高效分子育种技术体系研究方面亟待解决的问题。

广域长距离高性能传输技术在中国“东数西算”工程构建全国一体化算力网背景下具备重要的战略价值。3个趋势对广域分布式算力协同范式提出新需求：对算力资源要求极高的人工智能（AI）大模型智能应用的兴起；高端高性能图形处理单元（GPU）芯片被禁运限制单中心算力资源；中国各地建设的算力集群形成算力分散分布态势。广域长距离高性能传输技术是上述新范式的关键技术。从支撑广域分布式算力协同新范式、技术路线、承载网络、研究难点、成本5个方面进行讨论，结合深圳到宁夏中卫2100 km实网实验结果，将现有远程直接内存访问（remote direct memory access，RDMA）技术基于广域全光网进行长距离优化的方案是短期内可行性高、成本低且利于开展研究的最佳方案之一，通过优化基于融合以太网的远程直接内存访问（RDMA over Converged Ethernet，RoCE）可以在广域全光网上实现“广域光数直达”逼近物理层通信性能指标。

超高清视频是中国视听产业重要发展方向之一，国家相关部门也出台了一系列政策，鼓励和支持超高清视频产业的发展。超高清视频的采集、传输、制作、播出过程，尤其是融合了ChatGPT、Sora等先进人工智能内容生成技术后，呈现出典型的大带宽、高算力、低时延特征，令算力和网络基础设施面临严峻考验。基于超高清视频典型需求和计算、网络技术最新发展趋势，提出了面向超高清视频的算力网络架构，综合运用异构算力资源组网与安全传输技术、超高清视频业务需求建模与资源编排技术、“数算模”联合调度与路由规划技术、超高清视频高速传输技术等算力网络关键技术，实现全国范围内异构算力的汇聚、组网，满足超高清视频采、编、播等各环节业务处理对多样化算力和网络传输的需求。

作为算网融合体系内的安全防护机制，算网安全的本质是一种新技术和新工程。算网安全涉及零信任、安全访问服务边缘、算网区块链等多种技术实现方式，能够以安全体系的方式为算网融合提供了设施、平台、应用、数据等多维一体的安全保障。梳理了算网安全的总体发展态势：基础设施面临严峻挑战，算网安全成为国家竞争新主题；ICT积极响应发展机遇，算网安全打造创新发展新蓝海；数字化因素推动算网安全演进发展。重点提炼了算网安全的技术参考架构，具体涵盖设施安全、平台安全、应用安全和数据安全4个方面。总结了算力网络安全、云网络安全、行业融合安全3种典型应用实践。结合当前算网安全领域面临的严峻挑战提出持续推进标准体系建设、加快应用实践规划落地、协同构建产业生态闭环等发展建议。

算力路由在传统IP网络的基础上协同感知算力信息，提供高效灵活的网络能力，使能算力和网络的高效协同，随着技术的发展逐步走向行业实践。阐述并分析了算力路由的技术研究进展及关键使能技术，如独立语义算力服务标识、层次化算力路由，并依此提出了算力路由的技术拓展方向，如算网混合式业务功能链，以及部署算力路由的业务应用优势，建议借助标准化工作成果来推动算力路由技术在产品和业务应用上的进一步落地。

随着ChatGPT引领的大模型与AI产业的爆发式发展，大规模分布式计算成为大模型训练常用模式，对应智算算力需求激增。旨在形成智算中心高性能网络技术体系，推动智算中心高性能网络技术持续发展。针对智算中心高性能网络内关键技术进行技术研究，首先，针对大规模智算业务承载场景，分析了智算中心提供高性能网络在传输协议层面、组网层面、管控运维层面的核心需求。随后依据所述需求，详细研究了智算中心高性能网络不同网络层的演进需求及智算中心高性能网络组网、面向智算中心网络的新型负载均衡协议与拥塞控制协议、新型网络管控及运维等领域的关键技术，对不同场景需求提供技术指导。其次，从网络协议发展与全光网络2个层面展开，分析了智算中心网络的未来导向与发展趋势。若要建立完善智算中心高性能网络技术体系，智算网络自身需提供足够的网络性能，如提供近似无丢包的网络环境、足够的互联能力并解决分布式存储场景下的存储性能瓶颈等；同时智算中心高性能网络的发展需要规范组网方案、高性能的新型负载均衡与拥塞控制协议、新型智慧化管控运维技术等方面关键技术的融合协同，提高运营效率；智算中心高性能网络需提供全局范围内设备与资源感知、分配、调度、运维的网络，并提供高性能无损传输能力。

为提高交通运输与能源融合的效率和效益，探索其发展路径，归纳了各种运输方式与各种能源形式的运输和使用特点，提出了交通运输与能源融合发展的关键领域和基本架构，总结了中国交通运输与能源融合发展的主要特征，分析了交通运输与能源融合效率提升的关键短板和问题；对照加快建设交通强国和能源强国的总体要求，提出了以交通与能源投入的经济社会效益、综合服务水平、资源利用效率等维度综合效益最大化为目标，以空间布局统筹、共建共享统筹、模式和技术创新统筹为重点的融合思路，并提出了“规划−运行−开放−机制”协同发展建议。

共享化、智能化等交通新业态将深刻影响未来城市出行模式，是城市客运减排的重要方向。采用T3E−SAM模型，设置了“双碳”目标情景和技术变革情景，预测了未来城市客运的需求，量化了共享化、电动化、智能化交通的减排效果。结果显示，中国城市客运量将持续增加，2024—2040年年均增长率可达2.7%，到2040年后增长率会呈现下降趋势，2041—2060年年均下降率为0.4%。在“双碳”目标情景下，城市客运碳排放将在2027年达峰，2060年私家车将是唯一的碳排放源。在技术变革情景下，城市客运碳排放有望在2025年达峰，并于2057年达到零碳排放。共享化、电动化、智能化技术的普及应用将促进城市交通零排放目标的实现，并减少私家车数量，显著提高城市交通运行效率。基于模型的结果，提出一系列政策协同发展建议：“技术赋能，加快智能化车辆应用；理念赋能，推动“使用而非拥有”等共享理念的普及；管理赋能，支撑共享化、智能化出行落地”。

为推动气象灾害风险普查成果在专业气象服务业务中的应用，着力开展数字化智慧化公路交通气象服务、优化气象服务供给，针对公路交通气象灾害风险服务业务需求，融合气象灾害风险普查成果、公路交通行业影响信息和道路基础地理信息等多源数据，采用多源数据接入与可视化、三维地理信息系统（3 dimension geographic information system，3D−GIS）技术等，研发了基于数字地球的“公路交通气象灾害风险普查业务服务平台”，具备公路交通气象灾害实时、预报预警、风险评估等一体化综合研判分析功能，实现了公路交通气象服务信息的数字化、图层化，并融入交通运输管理部门开展基于应用场景的智慧化交通气象保障服务。该平台不仅实现了气象灾害风险普查成果和公路交通行业数据的融合应用，进一步提升了中国气象灾害风险预警服务能力，更有效提高了公路交通气象服务的“数字化+智能化”能力和水平，在交通气象服务业务使用过程中，突显出较好的业务应用能力与发展前景。