当中国进入新的发展阶段，有必要更加重视科学文化建设。论述了科学文化建设的3个问题：（1）全面理解科学的社会功能。科学具有繁荣科学、促进发展、培育人才和塑造文明的功能。（2）勇于承担科学家的社会责任。科学家须具备高度的伦理意识和人文修养，自觉担负特殊的社会责任，履行负责任的科研行为。（3）大力弘扬科学精神。科学精神的核心是追求真理，其精髓是崇尚理性，提倡质疑、批判、出新，追求实证和普遍确定性原则。

In recent years, the microfluidics technology based on the surface acoustic waves (SAW) has attracted a wide attention due to its many advantages such as simple and efficient generation and control of the SAW, multiple interacting forms between the SAW and the fluids, simple manufacturing process, and easy to integrate and detect. At present, as far as the biochemical analysis and the medical detection are concerned, the research of the SAW based microfluidic technology is mainly focused on the cells/particles sorting, the separation, mixing and concentration, the acoustic heating, the acoustic atomization, and the biological sensing. Some prototypes have almost reached the maturity stage, to be developed into portable devices with a huge prospective market. In this paper, the research of the microfluidic technology based on the SAW for the cells/particles sorting, separation, mixing and concentration, the acoustic heating, the acoustic atomization, the biological sensing reported in the last twenty years is reviewed, as well as the related research trend from a single effect study of acoustoforce, acoustothermal and acoustoelectric to the study of multiple physical effects, from two dimensional and micro manipulation to three dimensional and nano manipulation, and from planar device to flexible device.

Based on the optofluidic technology, many kinds of high performance optofluidic sensors can be fabricated by different designs. The optofluidics sensors can be divided into four categories according to their structures. The first two categories are the optofluidic sensors based on the photonic crystal cavity and the whispering gallery mode. When the fluids flow through the cavities of the sensors, the couplemode will change because of the changed refractive index by the fluids, and the responding light signals will change as well. The third category optofluidic sensors are based on the optical waveguide. The fluids will interact with the evanescent field produced by the total reflection of the light in the optical waveguide, leading to the change of the responding light signals. The fourth category optofluidic sensors are based on the surface plasmon resonance. The sensors are very sensitive to the refractive index of the metal surface, and the refractive index changed by the fluids will shift the resonance peak. The optofluidic sensors are very sensitive to the changing of the refractive index, with high sensitivity and accuracy, meanwhile, the optofluidic system enjoys the advantages of low-cost, miniaturization and simple structure. As the detectors are approaching the microcosmic scale, the optofluidic sensors will play an important role in the detection and biochemical analysis area.

With the microfluidics, the precise control of micro-liquids and the miniaturized integration of multiple functionalities can be achieved, with incomparable advantages in the cell manipulation in terms of precision, efficiency and cost. Therefore, the microfluidics has become an interdisciplinary research hot spot in recent years. From the perspective of the cell manipulation methods and the corresponding applications, this paper reviews the latest progress in the field of the microfluidic cell manipulation, and discusses the advantages and disadvantages of various cell manipulation methods, and then analyzes the trend of the microfluidics based cell manipulation.

In recent years, the application of the microfluidics in the single cell analysis has attracted more and more attention. The singlecell trapping is the basic and key component for the analysis at the single-cell level. The microfluidic chips usually have single-cell matched microstructures and could achieve the control of extremely small liquid volumes at the nanoliter and picoliter scale. Thus, the microfluidic chips are particularly suitable for the specific or high-throughput single-cell trapping. Moreover, the components for the posttrapping analysis of single cells could be integrated on the chip to build a high-efficiency and low-cost microfluidic single-cell analysis platform. This paper reviews and compares several microfluidic single-cell trapping methods, including hydrodynamic, optical, electrical, magnetic, and acoustic techniques. Future research in the single-cell trapping and analysis on the microfluidic chips is also discussed.

Energetic materials are flammable and explosive hazard chemical materials which might explode with an slight excitation, such as the mechanical force, the heat and the static electricity. The conventional processes of synthesis, separation, purification, refining and coating for energetic materials use the internal stirred vessel technology, with a low safety and with large scale explosives kept in line. The microchannel reactor is an essential security technology, because of high ratio of surface/volume and small microchannel, in which the size of the microchannel can be designed in smaller size than the detonation critical diameter of explosives, with a small amount of explosives in line. The continuous phase micro-flow technology is widely used in synthesis and analysis of chemical materials, but the microchannel is easily blocked by solid products. The micro-segmented flow treatment is easier than that of the continuous phase flow. The innovated microsegmented flow technology is specifically suitable for the synthesis of high sensitivity hazard compounds, because of its capabilities in block-free and high efficiency mixing.

The science and technology think tank is a major part of the new think tank system in China. This paper reviews the connotation, the characteristics and the functions of the science and technology think tank. With the Chinese Academy of Sciences, the Chinese Academy of Engineering and the China Association for Science and Technology as the representatives, we analyze the situation of the science and technology think tank and its important role in the Innovation Driven Development Strategy, the third party assessment for the State Council and the scientific and technological support for the high quality development in economy and society. We analyze the main features and challenges in the background of Socialism with Chinese Characteristics in a New Era, and put forward the missions and tasks of the science and technology think tank. Finally, the construction of the science and technology think tank in China is discussed. We propose six countermeasures and suggestions, including the top-level design enhancement, the institutional barrier elimination, the research mode innovation, the research ability improvement, the evaluation system establishment and the global governance.

This paper reviews the subjects, the theories, the methods and the practice of science and technology think tanks in the world. It is shown that the economy, the management, the politics, the law, the security, the society, the energy and the environment are in the center of the methods. The transportation, the architecture, the astronomy, the geology, the biology, the medicine, the materials science, the chemistry, the mathematics, the physics, the information and the communication all have their special parts. The theory of the science and technology think tanks is gradually developed into the DⅡS (Data, Information, Intelligence and Solution) from science and technology planning, evaluation and roadmap. The methods are proposed for data, information, intelligence and solution, and each method has different attributes. Based on the visual platform, the tracking platform and the retrieval platform, with the application of science and technology in the public service and consultation, the methods of science and technology think tanks will be further developed, expanded and improved.

Chinese think tanks are thriving and facing a rat race. The think tank influence concerns the core competitiveness and the outcome of the think tank work, and is a cornerstone of the sustainable development of the think tanks. Based on the information-solution chain, combined with the knowledge utilization theory, the elite theory and the communication theory, this paper presents a five-stage mechanism of the generation and propagation of the think tank influence. Starting from the constitutive elements of the influence, the literature/network investigations and case studies, this paper reviews the think tank development and makes relevant suggestions. Think tanks are supposed to enhance their influence, to improve their strength and ability, to listen to the public demand and to provide their products and services systematically.

The era of big data brings both opportunities and challenges to the scientific information analysis (SIA) and the intelligent information services. It is an urgent task developing a new SIA framework to reform the data governance and the workflow, and to improve the quality of the information services. This paper describes the traditional SIA mode currently applied. It also reviews the progresses in the fields of the massive heterogeneous data integration, the data management and the analytics methods, and their applications. An integrationbased conceptual framework for the SIA is proposed through an examination of the limitations of the traditional mode. The new framework is characterized by the development of an Intelligent Decision-making Support System based on the Big Data that can store, organize, process, and visualize heterogeneous data. Next, the functions and the characteristics of the proposed framework are explained. The paper concludes with a discussion of the future research.

In recent years, China's economy sees a key transition period of "high-quality" development. Under the background of national needs, practical problems and globalization, the think tank construction for environment and development in China comes to a period full of opportunities, and also faces enormous challenges. Based on the analysis of the characteristics and the key elements of the think tanks, this paper reviews the current state and the problems of the think tank construction in the environmental field in China, and elaborates the key issues and the construction goals. Finally, as a practical case, the development of Western China Think Tank on Resources, Environment and Development is introduced.

Recently, resilient cities have gradually replaced the traditional concept of sustainable development cities and become the objects of a new research field in urban planning, geography and emergency management. At present, no consensus is reached for a systematic, comprehensive and operable research framework for resilient cities in China, with Chinese characteristics. This paper focuses on the framework of the evaluation model for resilient cities, the connotation of the resilience evaluation, the evolution mechanism of resilient cities in different stages of external disturbance and the significance of key nodes in the evolution process of resilient cities. This study provides a reference for establishing quantitative evaluation indicators for the long-term adaptability and the intelligent urban planning and management.

The sharing economy is a new economic phenomenon. A shared product, the sharing bicycles, greatly facilitates the travel of urban people and solves the travel problem of the last mile, but on the other hand, it also brings about problems such as the overcapacity of bicycles and the poor management. In this paper, we study the carbon emissions and the usage of the whole life cycle for shared bicycles, to come to the concept of the shortest use time for a bicycle to offset its energy consumption. Beijing has nearly 3.5 million shared bicycles. In the current situation where each bicycle is used for 2.1 km/d, each bicycle should be used for at least 625 days to achieve a true zero carbon row and green travel. At present, Beijing will bear huge environmental risks caused by the excessive delivery of shared bicycles. Based on the environmental perspective, the carbon emission accounting of the whole life cycle becomes an important means to establish a reasonable control value of the shared product quantity. This study will provide a basis and a method for managing the sharing of economic products.

Antibiotics are widely used in medical, agricultural and animal husbandry fields, however, they can induce drug-resistant bacteria and resistance genes, posing a great threat to human health and ecological environment. Based on a comprehensive analysis of antibiotics and their resistance genes in the aqueous environment, this paper reviews the current state of knowledge on antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes, including their sources and migration paths, the occurrence and concentration levels in aquatic environment, and their possible ecotoxicity. Besides, the control measures of antibiotics pollution in the water environment are discussed and current research topics on antibiotics are proposed as well.

The Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region has been plagued by atmospheric pollution for many years. Adjustment of industrial structure can harmonize the relationship between economic development and environmental protection. Studying the effect of industrial restructuring on air pollution has become an urgent task in reduction of regional air pollutant emissions. At present, the research on the impact of industrial structure adjustment on air pollution mainly adopts three methods:EKC curve verification, time series analysis, and spatial econometric method. This research selects time series data of Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei's industrial structure and certain air-pollutant emissions during 1999 to 2015 to establish the vector autoregressive (VAR) models for the secondary industry proportion, sulfur dioxide and industrial smoke (dust) emissions, then completes the impulse responses function (IRF) analysis. The findings are that the impact of industrial structure adjustment on different pollutants in different regions are various in terms of direction, degree and duration. In terms of the direction, industrial restructuring cannot reduce emissions of all pollutants in all provinces. In terms of the degree, SO₂ emissions are greatly affected and industrial dust emissions are less affected; emissions in Beijing and Hebei are greatly affected, while the impact in Tianjin is small. In terms of the duration, SO₂ can be affected for a long time, but the impact on industrial dust can't last long. In Beijing and Tianjin, the positive impact can last for at least 4 years, while Hebei has only a period not longer than 2~3 years. Therefore, to ensure a high efficiency of industrial restructuring policies, Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei should take a three-year reference cycle to adjust the policies. Besides, different control methods should be adopted for different pollutants. And air pollutant emission reduction work should match the local reality.

In recent years the concentration of ambient air particulate matter (PM) has remained high in China; however the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has classified that the outdoor air pollution and the particulate matter in outdoor air pollution are carcinogenic to humans. This article summarizes the current situation of PM pollution in China and reviews the research progress on the mechanism of PM carcinogenesis and the evidences given by China's toxicologic studies and epidemiological studies on PM carcinogenicity in the past decades. The article suggests that China should urgently conduct researches to confirm the relationship between PM and cancers and that a series of actions should be taken to alleviate China's air pollution.

In order to promote people's awareness of atmospheric ozone changes and take protective measures, the paper reviews the latest progress of ozone research. The review includes three aspects:natural distribution of ozone, impacts of human activities on ozone variation (ozone hole and ozone formation potentials) and effects of ozone pollution on human health (especially for human respiratory system and cardiovascular system). Three models are introduced in terms of ozone creation potentials, namely ozone creation efficiency, photochemical ozone creation potentials and ozone incremental reactivity. The object of the paper is to give some knowledge about the ozone pollutions, main sources and the change of regional ozone.

People are often exposed to radiation in their daily life, but they are also unaware of the low doses of ionizing radiation such as medical radiation because radiation is hard to perceive. In this paper, the source, biological effects and health impacts of ionizing radiation are briefed, and the hormesis and adaptive response of low-dose radiation are discussed. This paper intends to help people to correctly understand ionizing radiation and proposes appropriate protective measures that may reduce the harmful effects of ionizing radiation in human life to some acceptable level for humans, so that radiation can benefit human beings in the fields of medicine, industry and scientific research.

This paper analyzes the current situation and achievements of the development and utilization of marine renewable energy in China in terms of resources, policies, technology, financial support and scale of employment. This paper summarizes the opportunities for the development and utilization of marine renewable energy as a strategic emerging industry in China under the background of the development of marine power. This paper puts forward three problems that need to be solved urgently for the development of marine renewable energy industry:Incentive policies and industrial guidance, stable power generation technology, and public service platform construction.

China is a marine-disaster-prone country, and the wave disaster, as an important part of various marine disasters, is the most important disaster form with casualties, and it also is an important natural disaster in the consideration of the marine safety and security in our country. The common definition and classification of disastrous waves are discussed, and the main research achievements with respect to the typical disastrous wave characteristics are reviewed. The progress in disastrous wave warning and forecasting are summarized, and the main problems as well as the future research directions for disastrous waves are proposed.

This paper reviews the progress made in the study of the tidal flat profile and the evolution in recent years both at home and abroad, with the most typical tidal flat in Jiangsu Province as an example, including the observation methods, the morphological characteristics, the physical mechanism of the tidal flat profile, the profile characteristics, sedimentary process, the characteristics of the escalation and deposition of the tidal flat along the coast, and the main factors affecting the erosion and the deposition of the coastal tidal flats.

Based on a review of the present situation of the domestic and foreign developments and applications of the cloud computing, and in view of the features of the marine environment information system, this paper studies the system structure and related technologies of the cloud computing for the marine environment information. A cloud platform of the marine environment is designed and implemented, and some practical service is provided as an example for typical applications, which shows how to follow the cloud computing technology and the application development in the field of the marine information in the future.

Based on the analysis of the foundation of the marine information and the needs of the marine development in the new period, this paper proposes to overally plan the comprehensive marine awareness, the marine information communication and the marine information resource, so as to promote the marine information infrastructure co-construction and the sharing of information resources; puts forward the optimization of the marine information service mode, so as to construct the marine information service cluster, including the maintenance of the marine rights and interests, the marine economy, the marine ecological environment protection, the marine resource utilization, and the marine affaire service. Finally, some specific measures are suggested to ensure the marine information development based on the information security, the key technologies, standards and regulations, policy mechanisms, talents and funds.

The State Oceanic Administration(SOA) has four private networks, the national oceanic administration network, the state oceanic administration network, the national marine non-real-time service network and the national marine real-time service network. The four private networks operate independently and provide support for different ocean professional tasks. The SOA promotes the information integration, first with the network integration as the basic project. The integrated marine information communication network is the foundation for the integration of the following offshore network and the sea-related ministry network, the data resources and the business systems. This paper reviews the existing marine service private network and the integrated marine information communication network systematically and analyzes the shortcomings of the offshore data acquisition in the existing network in view of the characteristics of the multi-channel acquisition of the marine data. With consideration of the needs of the offshore data acquisition in the ocean and the existing wireless network access mode, the idea of the overall construction planning of the marine wireless network is put forward.

The marine information engineering has gradually turned from conceptual and theoretical studies to actual construction and application services. Taking the example of Digital Ocean Engineering of China, this paper analyzes the current situations and foundations of China's marine informatization establishment by introducing the establishment process and achievements of Digital Ocean. By discovering the gap between America, Japan and other developing countries on data acquisition, processing and applications, this paper offers references on development tendency for marine informatization establishment of China.

With a great concern for the marine environment, and the sediment-carrying capacity in the offshore area plays a key role in the study of the sediment transport. This paper reviews the current research achievements with respect to the sediment-carrying capability in the offshore area. Some suggestions are given for the determination of the sediment-carrying capability in a wave-current coexistent system, which is an important topic in the academic area.

眼组织具有鲜明的生物力学特性，运用生物力学和力学生物学研究手段从多尺度探索眼组织结构与功能之间的关系，揭示眼组织生理及病理过程以及各种眼疾的发病机理，将有助于眼科疾病诊断与治疗。眼生物力学与力学生物学研究属于生物力学领域，基于学科交叉研究思路，生物力学工作者对常见、疑难疾病的发病机理、量化诊断及个性化医疗进行了探讨和研究，建立眼组织生物力学计算仿真模型，探讨眼科疾病的力学生物学机制，将为现代眼科向“精准医学”方向发展打下坚实的精准量化基础。

As an important part of the ocular dioptric system, the corneal tissue is subject to the load under intra-ocular pressure. Corneal cells can sense and respond positively to the mechanical stimulation. In this paper, we review force analysis of corneal tissue borne, biological response of corneal cells to mechanical stimulation, and the relation with the repair after injury and relative diseases.

The optical function of cornea is closely associated with its morphological structure. Abnormal corneal morphology can lead to myopia, hyperopia and keratoconus. It is an important subject to study the corneal mechanical characteristics. The result will improve the understanding of corneal surgery and predict postoperative through establishing the biomechanical model with clinical application. In this paper, based on the research work of the ophthalmic biomechanics team of Capital Medical University, we review the corneal biomechanical testing methods and the corneal constitutive parameter research.

Glaucoma ranks the first in the irreparable blindness eye diseases in the world. As the elevated intraocular pressure is the main risk factor of visual impairment, decreasing intraocular pressure is the main treatment of glaucoma at present. Therefore, the biomechanical problem of glaucoma is an important part of the research of pathogenesis, prevention and treatment of glaucoma. The main reason of high intraocular pressure for glaucoma is the increase of outflow resistance of aqueous humor. The increase of intraocular pressure will lead to iris deformation, pupil block, change of flow field of aqueous humor in the anterior chamber, thinning thickness of optic nerve fiber layer and lamina cribrosa, and damage of visual function. Recent advances in glaucoma biomechanics are introduced from aspects of intraocular pressure measurement, measurement of aqueous humor flow, visual function imparied, etc.

The increased prevalence of myopia and its potentially irreversible vison impairment have caused widespread concern, but the detailed pathogenesis of this disease needs further investigation. Experimental and clinical evidences indicate that excessive ocular elongation associated with myopia is the result of altered scleral shell. This review summarizes the research advances in scleral biomechanics in myopia progression, including biomechanical properties of the sclera in myopic eyes, the related changes and reasons of the composition of the scleral extracellular matrix, and some new clinical treatments. Future research direction and trend in this field are prospected as well.

The eye is characterized by its complex structure and fragile material. Injuries to the eye would lead to serious visual impairment or blindness. Epidemiological study indicates that one-third of the hospitalized patients are related to eye injuries. As an effective method, numerical simulation can be used to represent the dynamic response of the ocular tissues as well as provide the mechanical conditions unavailable in any experimental methods. This paper reviews and introduces the related research literatures in the past 20 years, focusing on the application of numerical simulation of direct and indirect ocular trauma, and it' s current and future research. In general, the numerical simulation technology has become an effective method for the study of eye trauma, which can quantitatively analyze the relationship between mechanical conditions and degree of injury so as to help understand the mechanism of ocular trauma and provide more reasonable medical treatment.

The brain computer interface(BCI) is a new communication and control channel between the brain and the external world that does not depend on the peripheral nerves and muscles, with a direct interaction between the brain and the external devices. Due to the advantages such as the noninvasiveness, the ease-of-use, and the low cost, the electroencephalogram(EEG) is the most popular method for current BCIs. This paper first reviews the history of the EEG-based non-invasive BCIs. Then, the focus is placed on the state-of-art of researches in three main aspects, namely the taxonomy of the current BCIs, the applications of the BCIs, and the challenges in developing the BCIs. Finally, a summary of future developments of the EEG-based BCI technology is given.

As a new interactive combination technique of the brain cognitive neuroscience and engineering technology, the brain computer interfaces serve the connection between the human and the outer devices without the contact of the limb or neuromuscular system, and turn what is in the mind to real actions. BCIs are a new "window" of the brain science research, the brain cognitive mechanism and the intelligent human computer interaction application development. This paper reviews the research background, the research status and the future development trend of the BCIs technology.

With the rapid advance of the neural science in decoding the human brain signals and uncovering its information processing mechanisms, as well as the innovations of the brain-computer interface technologies, the scope and the precision of the brain computer interaction (BCI) are greatly improved. Along with the development of the BCI technologies and their applications, the potential ethical issues have emerged, with an increased importance for a further study and it becomes necessary to develop effective strategies to regulate the applications of BCI technologies. This paper reviews the recent advances of the BCI technologies, and discusses the potential ethnical challenges to the society, including the security, the privacy, the fairness and the free will. Some suggestions are made to reduce the ethical risks.

In the complex system researches, the cognitive modeling of experience and intuition is always desirable. Due to the lack of effective modeling and simulation methods for the cognition, this problem becomes a major bottleneck restricting the overall emergence, the chaos and the uncertainty of the complex systems. This paper analyzes the breakthrough of AlphaGo in the cognitive intelligence, as well as the basic connotations of the cognitive simulation, and points out the importance of the empirical and intuition capture for modeling complex systems and. the issues that the cognitive simulation methods should consider.

The rise and the development of the complexity science are reviewed. The concepts of the uncertainty, the adaptability and the emergence of the complex systems are analyzed, as well as the main research methods, and the source of difficulties in their understanding and control. The breakthroughs and the key technologies of the cognitive intelligence are summarized, together with the basic concepts of the cognitive simulation. Finally, the existing problems and shortcomings of the cognitive simulation are outlined.

By analyzing and comparing the characteristics of neural network models and complex systems and the requirements of their modeling methodology, it is shown that the applications of the neural network in the complex system modeling are feasible. The main application fields of the neural network in the complex system modeling are discussed, such as the natural language processing, the speech recognition, the visual processing, and the fault diagnosis; and the main problems are pointed out, including the facts that the neural network can not describe the structure and the evolution of the system, it can not handle multiple tasks at the same time, and it can not solve the non repetitive problems well. Also the solutions of these problems are discussed preliminarily.

The intelligent unmanned combat system is a new focus in the international military competition, and the United States is in the leading position of its development. The intelligent unmanned combat system's main characteristics and its influences on the warfare are analyzed in this paper. With the applications in a foreign army as examples, we can see the general pictures and the regular patterns of the construction of the intelligent unmanned combat system. Finally, some suggestions are made on the combat concept design, the capability/effectiveness evaluation, the scale-structure calculation, the intelligent standard and the technical industry's strategic blueprint.

The agricultural resource and environment is the material basis to guarantee food supply. Since the reform and opening up, China's agricultural production has increased rapidly with the development of land contract system and market economy. Agricultural production scale and product diversification have reached unprecedented levels. However, the rapid development of agricultural production has paid a great resource and environmental cost. This paper mainly analyzes the agricultural resource and environment problems at a regional scale. Firstly, due to the area increase of the dry land turning into paddy field in the northeast China, the water irrigation has caused the water table to decrease continuously as well as the negative ecological impact. Secondly, because of large amount of input such as water resources and fertilizer in the agricultural production of the north China plain the groundwater level declines and water environment pollution occurrs. Thirdly, in the context of the rapid development of industrialization and urbanization, the soil acidification and heavy metal pollution in the south China are prominent in recent years, which has impacted food safety. Fourthly, the relationship between ecological barrier maintenance and grain production in arid and semi-arid regions of northwest China is discussed. Finally, some suggestions are put forward to strengthen the sustainable utilization of agricultural resources and environment.