Due to their excellent physical and chemical properties, two−dimensional materials have become potential stocks in the fields of integrated circuits, wearable technology, medical monitoring, etc. in the "post−Moore era", and have become a research hotspot in the current academic and industrial circles. Firstly, the bottlenecks and challenges faced in the post−Moore era are introduced. Secondly, the development history, preparation methods, ultra−thinness, adjustable band gap and ultra−high mobility of two−dimensional materials are introduced, and the application prospects of two−dimensional materials in chips, flexible sensors, energy storage, optoelectronic devices and other fields are analyzed. Then, the problems faced by two−dimensional materials in practical applications, such as large−scale preparation, high process complexity, and large differences between actual tests and expected theoretical values, are discussed. It is proposed to make up for these shortcomings through new atomic catalysts, roll−to−roll transfer technology, hydrogen passivation and other means to explore the potential of two−dimensional materials. Finally, the direction and path of the development of two−dimensional materials are summarized, emphasizing the importance of silicon−based transformation of two−dimensional materials, multi−dimensional innovation and industrialization promotion.

This paper reviews corrosion big data technology and its applications in the intelligent engineering, in systematically. Corrosion serves as an essential factor, which threatening the service safety and service life of engineering materials. Corrosion data exhibits complicated characteristics, such as multi−source heterogeneity, long duration, cross−scale, and non−linearity. These characteristics, corrosion big data technology integrate various sensor technologies and establishing multi−dimensional intelligent correlation databases, which can support the mining and visualizing of material corrosion big data to achieving the construction of corrosion big data sharing platform and engineering applications services. In intelligent engineering applications, corrosion big data technology possesses three core functions. First, real−time monitoring technologies had been applied on recording the corrosion status of facilities such as bridge steel structures and oil−gas transmission pipeline sin dynamically, combined with high−throughput collection of multi−source heterogeneous corrosion data, to instantly record corrosion rates and environmental parameters for systematic data gathering; Analyzing the coupling laws between corrosion data, environmental factors, and operational conditions through multi−source data mining technology to support dynamic optimization of anti−corrosion strategies; Achieving precise prediction of the service life of engineering, based on artificial intelligence models (e.g., neural networks), combined with accumulated corrosion big data and machine learning algorithms, providing quantitative basis for engineering safety operation and maintenance. Furthermore, by integrating with digital twin technology, corrosion big data constructs a 3D virtual model of corrosion process to achieve visual warning of engineering maintenance status. The joint construction of corrosion big data sharing platforms is promoted and advancing the traditional anti−corrosion technology towards to closed−loop management system, "perception−diagnosis−decision−execution". Corrosion big data technology supports and promotes the intelligent and precise transformation of traditional anti−corrosion technologies, and support the safety operation and maintenance system of smart engineering, demonstrating broad application prospects in fields such as marine engineering and energy internet.

The thermal barrier coatings (TBC) and environmental barrier coatings (EBC) are essential for advanced gas turbine engines, and their development history is briefly reviewed in this article. In order to champion the enormous challenge from much harsher operating conditions in next generation engines, numerous innovations of coating materials and novel designs of coating microstructures have been investigated. The most potential paths to develop new generation TBC and EBC are now becoming increasingly clear. The best novel TBC system may be based bond coat of nanocrystalline γ' phase and top coat of low thermal conductivity La₂Zr₂O₇ or YTaO₄, because the former is excellent chemically and mechanically compatible to single crystal Ni−base superalloy substrates, and leads to lower thermal stresses, and the latter is structurally stable at much higher temperatures, and has superior resistance against CMAS attack and high CTE similar to YSZ. One of the best ceramic candidates for thermal / environmental barrier coatings is the high−entropy rare earth silicates based on β−Yb₂Si₂O₇, as it is resistant against CMAS and steam corrosion, and has extremely low thermal conductivity and good CTE match with CMC. A further topic of concern is dual−phase ceramics technologies, which are effective in fracture toughness enhancement and capable of improving corrosion resistance and thermal barrier capability.

Classical corrosion electrochemistry based on mixed potential theory has played an important role in advancing research on corrosion and protection. However, it is also essential to recognize the multi−reaction coupling, non−equilibrium, and irreversible nature of corrosion processes, which often leads to excessive simplifications in the Butler–Volmer and Nernst–Planck equations and a weakened focus on the individual electrode reactions that constitute corrosion. Starting from the fundamental corrosion equation, this work clarifies the connotation of corrosion electrochemistry and reviews the advantages and recent progress of four representative scanning probe techniques—scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM), scanning vibrating electrode technique (SVET), localized electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (LEIS), and scanning electrochemical cell microscopy (SECCM)—in probing corrosion reaction kinetics, monitoring spatially distributed species, and mapping corrosion activity. High−resolution scanning probe methods have been shown to detect corrosion sites as small as a few nanometers and corrosion currents at the picoampere level, enabling in−situ monitoring of the spatial heterogeneity and kinetics of corrosion processes. When further combined with computational modeling, these techniques allow for quantitative comparative analysis of corrosion data. Finally, the paper summarizes and discusses future trends in modern corrosion electrochemistry, suggesting that further research should be rooted in the intrinsic nature of multi−reaction−coupled, non−equilibrium, irreversible corrosion processes, deeply integrating multi−scale characterization, and establishing a dialectical unity between macroscopic and microscopic perspectives.

High−entropy alloys (HEAs) exhibit significant application potential in extreme service environments due to their outstanding overall properties, with corrosion resistance being a critical factor determining their service life and reliability. This review systematically summarizes recent advances in the corrosion behavior and mechanisms of HEAs, highlighting the influence of alloy composition and atomic ratio adjustments on corrosion performance, as well as the effects of thermomechanical processing, such as heat treatment and rolling, on microstructure and passive film characteristics. Studies indicate that compositional design and process optimization can substantially alter the corrosion response and passivation behavior of HEAs, thereby affecting their overall corrosion resistance. Future research should focus on further elucidating localized corrosion mechanisms and the evolution of passivation films, integrating machine learning and multiscale simulations for intelligent alloy design, and establishing comprehensive evaluation frameworks that balance mechanical properties, corrosion resistance, and cost−effectiveness. Collectively, this review provides a systematic overview and reference for the design and application of corrosion−resistant HEAs.

Engineering equipments serving in extremely harsh deep−sea environments will withstand complex environmental factors such as low temperature, low dissolved oxygen, low pH, pollutants, and microorganisms, as well as the effects of hydrothermal, ocean currents, hydrostatic pressure, and complex loads, which pose serious threats to the safety of these equipments in service. Titanium alloy, as a highly corrosion−resistant marine structural material, plays a crucial role in the manufacturing of deep−sea engineering equipments. However, the service behavior and failure mechanism of titanium alloy in extreme deep−sea environments are still unclear, leading to a lack of scientific basis for the selection, design, and protection of titanium alloy structures in deep−sea equipment. This paper analyzes the corrosion resistance and basic corrosion electrochemical characteristics of titanium alloys, systematically reviews the problems of microbial corrosion, crevice corrosion, galvanic corrosion, hydrogen embrittlement and stress corrosion, corrosion fatigue, and multi−factor coupled corrosion damage faced by titanium alloy materials in extreme deep−sea environments, and proposes the research focus and development direction of titanium alloy corrosion in deep−sea environments.

This paper reviews the latest research advancements and hot applications of Metal Additive Manufacturing in 2024, covering areas such as the development and application of new materials, breakthroughs in manufacturing processes, improvements in automation and intelligence, new progress in software development, the latest applications in key industries, and new dynamics in industry standards and policies. With the continuous emergence of new metal alloy materials, metal additive manufacturing has been widely applied in industries such as aerospace, automotive, and healthcare. Innovations in manufacturing processes and the integration of intelligent technologies have significantly improved production efficiency and quality control. Despite challenges such as high material costs and low production efficiency, metal additive manufacturing shows promising prospects in the ongoing development of technology, standards, and markets, especially in the fields of intelligent manufacturing, green manufacturing, and personalized customization, with the potential for broader applications in the future.

GaN Schottky diodes offer significant advantages, including high electron mobility, low on−resistance, and high integration capabilities. These characteristics make them well−suited for applications in power electronics and microwave radio frequency (RF) fields, positioning them as a key enabler for advancing cutting−edge technologies. This paper provides an overview of recent research progress on GaN Schottky diodes, with a particular emphasis on how device structure influences performance. Through continuous structural optimization, the performance of GaN Schottky diodes has been substantially enhanced, demonstrating improvements in both forward and reverse characteristics. Their application scope has expanded from high−voltage environments to RF circuits. Meanwhile, it is recommended that future efforts focus on overcoming existing technical limitations by improving material quality, enhancing device reliability, and reducing manufacturing costs. With the sustained growth of China's integrated circuit industry, GaN Schottky diodes, benefiting from their superior high−frequency and high−voltage performance, are expected to become core components in next−generation electronic devices. In the future, these diodes will find broader applications across various domains and play a more significant role in addressing practical challenges and advancing industrial innovation.

Recently, the XR industry has demonstrated a thriving development trend in all aspects and at multiple levels, achieving remarkable progress in the fields of hardware, software, and content. At the hardware level, pivotal breakthroughs have been made in micro−display technology, significantly enhancing the visual experience indicators of XR devices. Meanwhile, multi−modal intelligent interaction has greatly expanded the dimensions and precision of the interaction between users and the XR environment. In the software aspect, the competition in the open−sourcing of XR operating systems has intensified, accelerating the evolution of the industry ecosystem towards a more open and diversified direction. In the field of content, diversified cultural and tourism large−scale space projects have instilled substantial vitality into the XR content creation ecosystem. The research reveals that during the deep integration of core software, content creation, and industry applications, bottleneck issues such as inconsistent technical standards and poor compatibility exist. Based on these findings, this paper proposes that it is necessary to increase investment in research and development in key areas such as chip and display technologies, enrich the content creation ecosystem, deepen and expand industry application scenarios, strengthen the collaboration between the upstream and downstream of the industrial chain, and improve the relevant standard system. Finally, it is concluded that the XR industry is moving towards the coordinated development of the entire industrial chain and is expected to establish a high−quality industrial development pattern featuring advanced technologies, diverse products, excellent services, and extensive applications.

Glioblastoma (GBM), the most aggressive and lethal form of brain cancer, remains a formidable clinical challenge due to its molecular heterogeneity, pronounced invasiveness, the restrictive nature of the blood−brain barrier (BBB), and an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. Conventional therapeutic modalities comprising surgical resection, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy, offer limited efficacy, with the 5−year survival rate remaining below 10%. Recent advances in nanotechnology have enabled the rational design of nanocomposite drug systems capable of penetrating the BBB, enabling site−specific drug delivery, and reducing systemic toxicity. These multifunctional nanoplatforms not only enhance the efficacy of chemotherapeutics but also allow integration with immunomodulators, genetic tools, and imaging agents for synergistic multimodal therapies. This review critically examines the clinical and biological landscape of GBM, highlights recent breakthroughs in nanocomposite drug design, and discusses the translational hurdles and future directions toward clinical implementation. Together, these insights offer a forward−looking perspective on leveraging nanotechnology for precision therapy in GBM.

Unsustainable modern−day agriculture has emerged as a crucial driving force behind the deterioration of the global ecological environment. Existing research is predominantly confined to single−disciplinary perspectives and lacks a comprehensive framework for systematically evaluating the feedback mechanisms between agricultural−induced environmental issues and climate change. Based on the planetary boundaries framework theory, the study systematically assesses agricultural ecological−environmental challenges and their multidimensional manifestations under climate change. It thoroughly examines action mechanisms, impact magnitudes, and geographical distribution patterns while analyzing interactive feedback effects among key elements. Furthermore, development pathways and policy recommendations are proposed to address climate challenges, encompassing: promoting smart agriculture initiatives, advancing green agricultural supply chain transformation, guiding sustainable dietary transitions, enhancing scientific innovation and Research and Development investment, and improving policy systems for agricultural green transition. Additionally, five critical research directions are identified to advance this field, aiming to provide theoretical foundations and practical guidance for sustainable agricultural development under climate change. These proposals seek to facilitate agriculture's transformation into a climate−resilient and sustainable system while offering strategic references for global stakeholders in agricultural sustainability.

The 2024 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded to Victor Ambros and Gary Ruvkun "for the discovery of miRNA and its role in post−transcriptional gene regulation". The article reviews the discovery journey of miRNA and its role of regulation, proposing that always pursuing one's own interests and constantly delving deeper, not afraid to pause temporarily, learning to simplify complex research are all crucial factor for supporting researchers to climb the peak of scientific research.

AI+钢铁下一阶段的主要目标是全流程一体化的AIGC+钢铁，数字换脑，模型换代，登顶RS（ROBOTSTEEL），完成钢铁工业中国式现代化的光荣任务。

日地空间是当前航天活动、空间开发利用的主要区域，被认为是陆、海、空环境之外，人类活动的“第四环境”。太阳活动引起的日地空间环境在短时间尺度上的变化，被称为空间天气。灾害性的空间天气会对卫星、通信、导航、电力系统等造成不良影响，亟需联合全球空间天气监测与研究力量开展科学攻关。

量子计算测控系统是量子计算机中的核心模块之一，它的任务是精准地控制量子比特的状态，执行量子逻辑门操作和量子算法运算等工作。该系统是连接量子芯片与经典控制器之间的“桥梁”，决定了量子计算机的可操作性、可扩展性与计算精度。2025年6月16日，安徽省量子信息工程技术研究中心发布消息称，中国首款面向千比特规模设计的超导量子计算测控系统ez-Q Engine 2.0，正式交付中国科学技术大学、中电信量子集团等多家科研与产业单位。

在后摩尔时代寻找更高性能、更小尺度的电子器件材料已成为全球科研热点。二维半导体因其原子级厚度和独特物理性质，被认为是第5代半导体的有力竞争者。然而，如何在如此薄的材料中有效调控载流子密度，一直是影响其性能释放的关键难题。

海洋占地球表面的71%，每年吸收约1/4人为排放的CO₂。中尺度涡广泛存在于海洋中，其水平空间尺度约百公里，对海洋的物质输运和能量交换具有重要作用。然而，由于观测的局限性（通常仅能捕捉到涡旋个例）以及涡旋生命周期的复杂性，长期以来，关于中尺度涡对海-气CO₂通量的净效应缺乏系统性认识，这限制了对海洋碳汇准确评估的能力。

在城市地下飞速延展的地铁和隧道背后，一种名为“盾构机”的庞然大物正默默承担着穿山破土的重任。如今，这头“钢铁穿山甲”也变得越来越聪明了。

由中国科学院合肥物质科学研究院等离子体物理研究所承担的聚变堆主机关键系统综合研究设施“夸父”（CRAFT）项目取得重要进展。低杂波电流驱动系统是CRAFT项目的重要组成部分，用于驱动和维持托卡马克装置里的环向等离子体电流。2025年6月18日，该系统通过专家组测试与验收，全部实现国产化，性能达到国际领先水平。

多年来，流感始终是全球公共卫生面临的一项巨大挑战。流感药物作为治疗利器，在中国目前仍以进口和仿制为主，常出现一药难求的局面。2025年5月20日，由广州国家实验室牵头研发的抗甲型流感1类新药——昂拉地韦片获国家药监局批准上市，该药物是全球首款靶向甲型流感病毒RNA聚合酶PB2亚基的创新药。

在生命起源的奥秘中，胚胎发育始终是深受关注的谜题之一。2025年6月18日，东南大学林承棋等在《Cell》发表最新研究，首次构建覆盖小鼠原肠运动后期至心脏等器官原基形成期的单细胞精度三维数字胚胎，系统解析了小鼠早期心脏等中、内胚层器官的动态发育图谱。同时也为学界理解器官再生、肿瘤发生等重大科学问题提供了全新方法论。

先前对动物和人的研究提示，血液中低浓度的牛磺酸可能导致衰老。2025年6月5日，美国国立卫生研究院国立老化研究所在《Science》发表研究称，牛磺酸的血浓度不会随年龄的增长而递减，牛磺酸浓度的变化更多是因人而异，而非衰老。

2025年6月11日，美国加州大学戴维斯分校发表于《Nature》的研究显示，脑机接口（BCI）系统利用人工智能来解码使用者试图说话时的脑电活动，可以帮助一名患有严重言语障碍的男子能够富有表现力地说话和唱歌。

管道是城市与工业运行的“血管”，但泄漏问题却始终是安全与资源管理的顽疾。长期运行中，老化、腐蚀、地质变化乃至人为破坏都可能引发液体泄漏，造成巨大的能源浪费、公共安全风险及生态破坏。然而，当前主流的声学、光纤、红外与雷达等检测手段，在监测精度、成本和实时响应方面仍存在诸多局限，尤其难以捕捉微小或突发的泄漏事件。

一种新发现的微生物暂被命名为“Sukunaarchaeum”。虽然它并非病毒，但和病毒一样，除了自我复制外几乎无法进行其他生命活动。

2023年4月的某一周，佛罗里达州华盛顿橡树花园州立公园里热闹非凡。一只山猫正在追踪东美松鼠，一条东部菱背响尾蛇在灌木丛中蜿蜒爬行，而大橡树中间的空地上则活动着大棕蝠、蚊子和鱼鹰等多种野生动物，以及人类访客。

Functionalized porous carbon materials (PCMs) were prepared by calcining rose pomace as raw material and KOH as activator at high temperature in a resistance furnace at 500 ℃ to investigate the adsorption performance of PCMs for the removal of methylene blue in water.The parameters for the preparation of PCMs were impregnation ratio of 1:1, impregnation time of 4 h, and activation time of 50 min.The PCMs were characterized by scanning electron microscope, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy spectrometer, and pore size analyser. Characterised by scanning electron microscope, Fourier transform infrared spectrometer and pore size analyser, the PCMs were characterised by the presence of a variety of functional groups on the surface, the specific surface area of 285.112 m²/g, the average pore size of 4.2 nm, the total pore volume of 0.1589 cm³/g, and the percentage of mesopores was 54.05%. Taking the removal rate of methylene blue in printing and dyeing wastewater as an index, the preferred results of one-way experiment were: the dosage of PCMs was 0.15 g, the initial concentration of methylene blue was 80 mg/L, the initial solution pH=11, and the adsorption time was 4 h, under which the removal rate of methylene blue by PCMs could be up to 99.52%; and the optimal adsorption conditions of PCMs obtained from the response surface experiment were as follows: the PCMs The optimal adsorption conditions for PCMs were: PCMs dosage of 0.153 g, initial concentration of methylene blue of 64.35 mg/L, and pH=10.93, which predicted that the removal rate of methylene blue could reach 100%. Kinetic analysis showed that the adsorption of PCMs on methylene blue solution conformed to the quasi-secondary kinetic model (R²=0.9564), and the adsorption isotherm was well fitted by Freundlich (R²=0.9580).

跨越2000 km还能把时差掐在几皮秒？这曾被不少计量专家视作“地面链路的天花板”。中国科学院国家授时中心张首刚、董瑞芳和刘涛团队用1根公共通信光纤、2束相邻波长的光脉冲，将这一极限再向前推进一大步——在2061 km现场链路上，把1 s稳定度做到了5.6 ps，授时误差再缩小数十个百分点。

2025年5月28日，极地科考破冰船“雪龙2”号抵达海南海口，结束了208 d的南极科考航程，是中国极地考察史上单船执行任务历时最长的一次。

青藏高原人群的“幽灵祖先”源自哪里？这个长期未解的谜团得到了关键线索。中国科学院古脊椎动物与古人类研究所付巧妹团队通过对来自云南17个遗址、7100年前以来的127例古代人类基因组测序，首次从遗传学角度精准识别了青藏高原“幽灵祖先”，并探讨了云南作为多元人群交流枢纽的关键作用。2025年5月29日，相关研究成果发表于《Science》。

中国疾病预防控制中心最新流行病学调查显示，中国成年人群非酒精性脂肪肝（NAFLD）患病率达29.2%，在北上广深等一线城市，35岁以下人群患病率年增长率超过7%。

2025年5月30日，全国科技工作者日系列活动以“矢志创新发展建设科技强国”为主题，由中国科学技术协会联合科学技术部、中央宣传部共同举办。

2025年5月29日1时31分，中国在西昌卫星发射中心用长征三号乙Y110运载火箭，成功将行星探测工程天问二号探测器发射升空。火箭飞行约18 min后，将探测器送入地球至小行星2016HO3转移轨道。此后，探测器太阳翼正常展开，发射任务取得圆满成功。

过去10年，钙钛矿太阳能电池认证功率转换效率已提升至27%，与商用硅电池相当，但是长期运行稳定性尚不能满足光伏产品要求。南京航空航天大学郭万林和赵晓明团队开发出气相辅助表面重构技术，抑制了产业级钙钛矿模组在户外环境下的不可逆退化，在30 cm × 30 cm的钙钛矿模组中首次实现与商用晶硅太阳能电池相当的户外运行稳定性。2025年5月29日，相关研究成果发表于《Science》。

我们孤独吗？这是人类思考的千古难题。中国科学院云南天文台顾盛宏领衔的国际联合研究团队，在世界上首次利用凌星中间时刻变化（TTV）反演技术，在类太阳恒星的宜居带发现一颗质量大约是地球10倍的超级地球——开普勒-725c，其轨道周期为207.5 d，接收的平均辐照为地球的1.4倍，符合生命存在的条件。

马铃薯Y病毒（PVY）作为全球茄科作物的重要病原体，每年对马铃薯、辣椒和番茄等经济作物造成严重损失，其有效防治是当前农药化学领域的重要挑战。传统防治策略主要通过杀虫剂控制蚜虫媒介或施用抗病毒剂，但受限于虫体抗药性演变及药物作用靶标单一，实际防治效果始终难以突破。

视网膜退行性疾病是全球不可逆视力丧失的主要病因。这类疾病的共同特征是视网膜（眼球后部的感光层）中的感光细胞（视杆细胞和视锥细胞）逐渐退化。然而，视网膜中的其他神经元（包括双极细胞、无长突细胞、水平细胞和视网膜神经节细胞）通常仍能维持大部分功能，并通过视神经维持与视觉皮层的连接。视网膜假体的设计初衷是通过人工刺激这些存活的视网膜神经元来提供有用的视觉感知，但大多数系统面临依赖外部电源以及对视网膜神经元刺激有限等挑战。在《Science》上，Wang等研究人员提出了一种由碲纳米线网络构成的视网膜假体，该技术在解决部分现有局限的同时，亦能响应比视锥细胞和视杆细胞更广的电磁波谱范围。

2025年5月23日，一篇新闻报道披露美国国家科学院、工程院和医学院（NASEM）即将大幅裁员。次日清晨，美国国家科学院院长Marcia McNutt向员工发送了一封致歉备忘录。她此前向STAT（美国在线新闻媒体平台）透露，到夏末可能裁减250个职位，这一消息令约1100名NASEM员工震惊不已。McNutt表示，关于即将裁员的具体人数“尚未做出决定”。

2025年5月5日，一场名为“为了科学选择欧洲”的大会在巴黎索邦大学召开。法国与欧盟委员会在会上宣布，在特朗普政府减少对科研领域的资助之际，欧盟将设立一项经费为5亿欧元的科研激励计划，吸引外国的科研人员，特别是来自美国的科研人员赴法工作。

2025年4月30日，国际热核聚变实验堆（ITER）组织在其官方网站正式宣布，历经数十年的攻关，这座汇集全球30余国科研力量打造的“人造太阳”取得关键突破：全球规模最大、性能最强的脉冲超导电磁体系统建造完成。