With the arrival of the second quantum revolution, quantum technology is having a disruptive impact on scientific cognition and technological application. Why is the United States always in the forefront of quantum technology in the world？On the one hand, it benefits from its strong scientific and technological foundation and economic strength, on the other hand, it is due to its high-level scientific dissemination ability and high scientific literacy of citizens. This paper tries to analyze the original intention and evolution path of the US government's policy design, the linkage promotion mode of scientific research and education system, the efficient incubation and promotion mode of industry and market institutions, the embedding behavior of public and private social organizations and science dissemination individuals, and to refine the typical experience of the design and implementation of the socialized dissemination of quantum technology by studying the socialized collaborative dissemination strategy of American quantum technology. On this basis, this paper believes that the socialized collaborative dissemination of quantum technology in the US has three main implications for China at present: Relying on the institutional advantages, we should accelerate the construction of scientific dissemination and socialization system of quantum science and technology, establish a quantum science and technology education content supply system of basic education-higher education-vocational education, and cultivate multi-level high-level science and technology agents in the field of quantum science and technology.

随着《国家社会经济发展第十四个五年规划和2035年远景目标纲要》的出台，整个社会对于知识和人才的需求再次成为发展的关键因素，考虑到信息时代知识与人才的二合一模式日益增强，决定发展的最根本原因就在于人才的数量与质量，尤其是高端人才的供给情况，为此需要把国内高端人才的供给情况做一些历史性的回顾。

Italy is one of the most important aerospace powers in the world, as well as an important member state of the European Space Agency, with a long tradition of the cultural, scientific, and technological exchanges with China and with a significant contribution to numerous breakthrough missions in the history of the space exploration. This paper reviews the historical development of the space science and technology in Italy, focusing on several main highlights, such as the import of the gunpowder from China in the 14th century, which initiated the technical development of Italy's very first rockets. Besides, the Italy-China cooperation is reviewed in the manned spaceflight, the earthquake electromagnetic monitoring in space, the space science satellites, and the numerous other fruitful results. It is concluded that the past and present cooperation between Italy and China promotes the progress of human civilization, including the contributions made by Italian missionaries to the development of natural and social sciences in China. Under the momentum of the Belt and Road initiative, Italy and China can cooperate to make even greater contributions to the human civilization and to the exploration of the mysteries of the vast universe.

The Arecibo 305m-aperture radio telescope was once the largest ground astronomical device in the world before the Five hundred meter Aperture Spherical radio Telescope (FAST) being built. The Arecibo created many foremost achievements, such as joining the Apollo moon-landing Project, discovering the first extraterrestrial planet, discovering the binary-pulsar system firstly and indirectly proving the existence of gravitational wave predicted by Einstein, measuring the rotation period of the mercury accurately, and investigating radio transmission characteristics of earth's ionosphere accurately by radar. This paper tries to explore the background and significance of the construction and major achievements of the Arecibo, and briefly introduces the success of FAST in engineering construction and discoveries of early scientific exploration. Furthermore, it compares the features of the two telescopes, so as to survey the progress of Chinese science and technology. In terms of the FAST successful construction and operation and from the perspective of sci-tech history, FAST, as the product of the fourth industrial revolution, indicates the advent of a new era in China.

Transfer and transformation of scientific and technological achievements is an important engine to realize the strategy of innovation-driven development and improve national power. This paper summarizes the elements that support the transfer and transformation efficiently and smoothly, and sorts out the working process of scientific and technological societies which serve as a bridge for transfer and transformation of sci-tech achievements. Then, it discusses the main problems and countermeasures in transformation of sci-tech achievements. A full-cycle sci-tech achievement transformation service mode is suggested, which is based on the construction of a specialized "industry-university-research" integration platform and guaranteed by achievement information release and service.

The high-quality development is the primary task of the local government departments, and the science and technology innovation is the initiative of the high-quality development. The local scientific societies are important forces in advancing the construction of a national innovation system, to integrate various innovative resources and elements such as the resources, the information, the technology, the research, the funding, and the talents. This paper explores the path for the local scientific societies to serve the local high-quality development by coordinating political elements, production, learning, research, funding and other resources, and proposes a way of how to promote the local independent innovation capability and the overall efficiency of the scientific and technological innovation from four aspects, i. e., the information flow, the resource sharing, the intelligence sharing, and the science and technology cooperation. Finally, we show the practice and experiences of Yangzhou computer association in serving the local high quality development.

As a kind of weapon with super massive destructive power, genetic weapon can be miraculously effective in modern wars, but it also would be facing several dilemmas on war ethics. Military application of genetic weapons will threaten the civilian exemption, make the war an even more inhumane tool, make it difficult to control the aftermath of wars, and induce serious ecological disasters. In view of this, in the current era, human beings, as the subject of war, should strengthen the management and evaluation of gene technology, enhance moral restraints on and ethical awareness of scientists, and improve the supervisory and disciplinary mechanisms of genetic weapons, so as to effectively contain the research and use of genetic weapons and impose ethical constraints on modern wars.

NASA's Spitzer Space Telescope finally ceased all science operations after more than 16 years'operation, with 5 times of mission extensions. Significant discoveries were made in many fields, such as studying the universe in the infrared light, revealing new wonders in our solar system, our galaxy, and beyond, as well as detecting exoplanets and characterizing their atmospheres. More than 9000 scientific papers were published based on its scientific data. A novel Earth-trailing heliocentric orbit was chosen, with the then state-of-the-art, large-format infrared detector arrays in the design of the Spitzer. The mission adjusted its scientific objectives as soon as the exoplanets became a new hot spot of the space astronomy observation after its launch. Scientific observations were made for another 10 years after its cryogenic main mission with the only one payload left among the three focal plane scientific instruments aboard, i.e. the two shortest wavelength bands, at 3.6 and 4.5 microns of the 4 channel infrared array camera. For a sustainable progress of China's space science missions, it is beneficial to learn from the Spitzer mission's practices such as the open technology innovation, the adjustment of the scientific goal with the times, and the collaborative integrated observation with other ground or space astronomical telescopes.

新型冠状病毒肺炎（简称新冠肺炎）疫情大规模暴发，以“大数据”为资源链的新兴技术群未能及时发挥应有作用，导致疫情防控的精准施策缺少技术抓手，在信息时代依然不得不依靠最原始的全社会动员，造成几万人感染、十几亿人被物理隔离的被动应对局面。“大数据”为引领的新兴技术群在疫情精准防控方面，不适时宜地“缺位”，凸显了电信、电商、物流、出行、社交等各大平台已经存在的公共数据资源整合与应用不足，也暴露了人工智能、5G、区块链等新兴技术群的实际能力与应用需求之间的严重脱节。应当及时梳理发生与存在的问题，推进“大数据”技术群的适时应用，能够应对“精准防控”措施落地落实，更有望在构建疫情有效预警机制、布局精准防控体系、筛选并优化突发危急重症的应急治疗方案和新型病毒药物疗效评估方法等方面发挥关键作用，更为国家治理现代化发展进程提供科技支撑。

From the quantum principles, two very different types of fundamental particles are predicted, the fermions and the bosons, which however can be united and become interchangeable under the supersymmetry. The supersymmetry relates first time the internal symmetry of the particles to the symmetries of their spacetime. Consequently, any theory for the local supersymmetry necessarily includes the forces introduced by Einstein's General Relativity and hence we call the forces the supergravity. With the supergravity, the gravitino of spin 3/2 is predicted. In fact it is the simplest theory that can consistently couple a spin-3/2 fermion to the gravity. As the low-energy effective action of strings, the supergravity is an integral part of the string research.

This paper reviews the important research progresses, major strategic adjustments of the United States, Europe, Russia, and Japan, and newly lunched space science missions in 2019. The contents include the followings. The space-based platform assisted the first direct imaging of a black hole; Hubble found water vapor on habitable-zone ing; Hayabusa 2 touch down asteroid Ryugu for sample retrieval; the Twins Study showed how human body could adapt to a multitude of changes created by spaceflight environment; the United States set the goal of resending astronauts to lunar surface by 2024; Russia divided its lunar program into 4 phases and planed to complete its development path of lunar base by 2024; China successfully launched Taiji-1 gravitational wave detection experimental satellite; and NASA launched ICON to study earth's ionosphere.

In 2019, both theory and practice of urban regeneration were highly concerned and valued by academic, political and industrial circles in China. Urban regeneration has made remarkable progress in terms of policy and institution construction, transformation of work path and method, improvement of urban governance and realization of urban comprehensive transformation goals. Characteristic practice paths such as responsible planners and community planners have emerged, as well as different practice innovation in the regeneration of historic blocks, old residential quarters, old industrial districts and industrial heritage areas, public space, etc.

Smart city is a complex giant system that integrates technology, humanity, and socio-economics. In 2019, the research and practice on smart city have made significant breakthroughs in common key application technology, data platform integration and application model innovation. This article focuses on six aspects, including smart city and sustainable development, smart technology and smart facility, big data platform and "smart brain", digital twin cities and smart spaces, smart services and smart lives, and data-driven smart management.

With continuous promotion of construction of "healthy China", healthy city is receiving more and more attention, and the relevant research continues to deepen. Based on the literature, important research reports and conferences at home and abroad in 2019, this paper divides the research on healthy city into three categories:theoretical research on healthy city planning, research on the impact of building environment on public health, and research on the evaluation index system of healthy city, and a review of hotspots in research and practice is presented. At the same time, it analyzes the practical results of healthy city planning. At last, the paper points out that the research and practice of healthy city should closely combine with each other, pay attention to basic empirical research, realize evidence-based practice, and establish collaborative innovation mechanism, so as to promote the development of healthy cities in China.

This paper summarizes the progress of China's hydrogen industry in 2019, analyzes the problems and draws up the experience and lessons from four aspects:policy-making, industrial development, basic research and international cooperation. Then, based on an in-depth analysis of hot news and events, some specific suggestions for the future development of hydrogen energy industry are put forward.

Droplet manipulation is of great significance for multidisciplinary researches including life science, materials science, analytical chemistry and engineering thermal management. In 2019, the research on droplet manipulation achieved significant progress in solid-liquid collision, precise manipulation, etc. This paper reviews the research hotspots and representative achievements in the field of droplet behavior control in 2019, including precise regulation of solid-liquid collision, programmable droplet transport and development of a new digital micro-flow control technology.

Space-time adaptive processing (STAP) which performs adaptive filtering in spatial and temporal domains is a key technology for clutter suppression and target detection in moving platform radar system. In recent years, STAP technology has developed rapidly and its application field is also expanding. This article reviews the hot topics and important research progress in the field of STAP in 2019 and discusses new STAP trends.

Safety system engineering is mainly to forecast, evaluate and control systemic risks, including accident cause theory, safety evaluation, safety management and early warning and emergency response. In 2019 with the rapid development of the Internet, other than continuously developing classic research subjects, the security system engineering also presented trends such as big data sharing and intelligent evaluation warning systems. Accident tree analysis has achieved a breakthrough from static planary accident tree to dynamic spacial accident tree. With the improvement of fuzzy algorithms and development of cloud computing models, the accuracy of analytic hierarchy process is improved, making safety evaluation more on line with actual situation. Construction industry, mining, chemical production and other industrial fields have more intelligent safety early warning systems and more scientific production management systems. Disaster risk prediction and emergency response systems have been put into use in some pilot cities for social public safety.

Sports medicine, as an interdisciplinary subject, achieved major progress in diagnosis and treatment, post-operative rehabilitation, application of new materials and methods, and new acknowledgement of diseases in 2019. This article reviews return to sports after ACLR, evidence based treatment of PFP, PRP application in muscle and tendon lesions, MSC application in treating osteoarthritis, and new concepts about sarcopenia as hot spots for the aforementioned fields. More achievements are also expected in the year of 2020 based on present works.

Using and adjusting the oxygen is the basic condition for higher organisms. Three British and American scientists, William G. Kaelin Jr, Sir Peter J. Ratcliffe and Gregg L. Semenza, won the Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine in 2019 for discovering the mechanisms by which cells sense and adapt to the oxygen. They have found that the hypoxia inducible factor 1 (HIF-1), an important transcription factor, is widely distributed in chronic hypoxic cells and promotes cells to adapt to the hypoxia. The HIF-1 level is regulated by the oxygen content. Under the high oxygen condition, the HIF-1 is degraded after its modification. Conversely, under the low oxygen condition, the HIF-1 is not degraded and promotes the expression of the hypoxia related genes such as the erythropoietin through the transcriptional regulation. This paper reviews the discovery and the basic molecular mechanism of the HIF-1, as well as its clinical application values.

The existence of oxygen is a necessary condition for aerobic metabolism and energy production, as is essential for most living things. Too much or too little oxygen can be life-threatening, so it is important to study the mechanism of how organisms respond quickly to the changing oxygen levels. When the oxygen demand exceeds the oxygen supply, the cells become hypoxic. This paper discusses the characteristics of the oxygen and the mechanism of the hypoxia adaptation under physiological and pathological conditions. Hypoxia can be considered in a positive aspect, the role in the hypoxic preconditioning, and the related history and research progress are reviewed, including preconditioning in extreme environments such as high altitude, and related clinical diseases, as well as the prospect of treatment of stroke diseases.

[编者按]以智慧互联为目标的智联网系统是未来信息网络的发展方向，将引发人类社会向智慧社会的重大变革。在中国电子学会、工业和信息化部电子科学技术委员会等主办的第14届中国信息技术年会上，学者热议"智联网与未来"，《科技导报》对与会院士的精彩观点进行整理。

Based on the theory of the national innovation system, this paper takes the producers, the agents and the users of knowledge as the main analytical dimensions, and combined with the ecosystem theory, to construct the structure of China's scientific and technological innovation talent ecosystem. The basic operation principles and the evolution mechanism of the system are clarified, the evolution process and the problems faced by China's scientific and technological innovation talent ecosystem are analyzed. On this basis, some policy recommendations are put forward to promote the sustainable development and the high-quality output of the ecosystem.

Talent ecology is a discipline developed originally in China. Foreign scholars mainly focus on the human resource ecology. The theoretical exploration and the practical application were made of the construction and the evaluation of talent ecological environment, with remarkable achievements. This paper reviews the status quo of the research of the talent ecological environment, and its limitations in terms of the concept definition, the constitutive elements and the empirical analysis. In the future, the ecology theory will be used for constructing the theoretical system, distinguishing different talents and identifying ecological factors so as to provide reform ideas for optimizing the talent ecological environment.

Based on the analysis of the policy documentation and the review of related literature, this paper sorts out the relevant policies to stimulate the enthusiasm and creativity of science and technology professionals since 1978, and outlines the major reform measures since 2016. Through a comparative analysis of some data of the 3rd National Science and Technology Workers Survey (2013) and the 4th National Science and Technology Workers Survey (2017) organized by China Association for Science and Technology, it is found that the reform of stimulating the enthusiasm and creativity of science and technology professionals has achieved phased results, and the science and technology workers' have better appraisals for some related problems.

The international status of China's science and technology innovation is undergoing profound changes, and the scientific and technological management needs to be improved accordingly. The competency of scientific and technological management personnel is the critical factor to improve the scientific and technological management. Based on the review of previous studies and the reference to the competency model in the field of human resource management, this paper proposes that the competency of the scientific and technological management personnel in the new era should include two parts:the basic competency and the superior competency, where the, basic competency should include the political competency, the scientific literacy, the managerial competency and the professional competency. On this basis, the paper puts forward some policy suggestions to further improve the competency of the scientific and technological management personnel in China.

Based on a survey of science and technology personnel in China, it is found that the occupational aspirations of young researchers are higher than those of other young science and technology personnel. The young researchers with higher education, better working platform and faster early career development have higher occupational aspirations. In addition, the occupational aspirations of young male researchers are higher than those of young female researchers, and the marriage can promote their occupational aspirations, while it will diminish those of young female researchers.

Personnel team construction plays an very important role in national "Double First Class" initiative, with an impact on the development of the college education and the progress of the national college education reform. Personnel is the key to enhance the core competitiveness and the sustainable development of university departments. This paper analyzes and summarizes some difficulties in college personnel team construction, with a case study of Department of Precision Instrument in Tsinghua University, in terms of the high level talent introduction, the personnel team training, the office functions in personnel service, and so on. Also, this paper explores the way of college engineering department personnel team construction to build world-class universities.

He Jiankui's event of genome editing infant has attracted more attention than other novel medical technologies such as IVF, human cloning, commercial surrogacy, stem cell therapy, and brain-machine interface. This paper discusses the reasons of the great influence of this event, as well as the ethical, legal and social implications of genome editing infant. This paper proposes that the applicable objects and the scopes of germline gene editing technology should be clearly defined; the state should accelerate the establishment and improvement of an ethical review and supervision system for the clinical application of novel medical technologies; and the ethical consciousness of the whole society need to be highly emphasized.

In the scientometrics, un-cited means low value or no value. Do un-cited patents have no value? In this paper, based on the quantitative analysis of papers and their citations in the Chinese Scientific and Technical Information of China from 2009 to 2011, we find a large number of patents were cited by the journal papers, or even with high citations. Then taking a "uncited patent" CN 01134280.3 with its 10 citing papers as an example, we analyze their contents from the cloud mapping to represent its influenced research topics and studies its industrial applications from literature research. Finally, based on Tsien Hsue-shen's theory about "basic science-technical science and engineering science", the paper analyzes the uncited paper with a high citation by the patents and the uncited patents with a high citation by the papers.

The food safety problem faced by a country is closely related to the level of its economic development. The country's food safety laws and regulations must match its economy development and continuous evolution of food safety problem. Taking China and the United States economic development as the main line and combining the highlighted characteristics of food safety problems in different development stages of the two countries, this paper combs and compares the food safety laws and regulations in China and the United States, so as to identify the common features of the evolution of food safety laws and regulations and to forecast the main food safety issues that China laws and regulations will face in future.

The establishment and maintenance of international standards and recommended practices (SARPs) are core aspect of international civil aviation organization (ICAO)'s mission. The research presents a systematic review of ICAO airworthiness related technical documents. Then, it gives a profound interpretation of Convention on International Civil Aviation and ICAO standards that documented in the Annex 8-airworthiness of aircraft, regarding Type Certification, Production, Certificate of Airworthiness, Continuing Airworthiness and Safety Management. And the differences and connections are identified in airworthiness between Annex 8 and Certification Procedures for Civil Aviation Products and Parts (CCAR-21-R4). Finally, the main upcoming revisions in the new edition of airworthiness of aircraft are clarified.

After nearly 60-year continuous development, modern biomechanics is becoming an important frontier and interdisciplinary field of biomedical engineering. This paper reviews the worldwide key achievements and development trend of biomechanics, as well as domestic mechanobiology and biomechanical modeling and analysis and their clinical applicationssince the beginning of the new century. The development of biomechanics in China is expected to continue in four fields:life science, modern medicine, great health engineering and national defense. Three suggestions to the development of biomechanics in China are put forward, including the study on the mechanobiological mechanism of diseases, the study on the design of biomechanics and health engineering, and the study on the biomechanics and mechanobiology of special environment.

Since 2016, with the continuous blessing of a new wave of artificial intelligence, self-driving has become one of the most promising outlets and hotspots of global strategic investment. Enterprises have been the mainstay of the successive advancement of selfdriving technological innovation and industrial processes., The current status quo of global self-driving is full of excitement and anxiety after two years of peak of inflated expectations. The excitement is that the self-driving ecosystem has taken shape. The industry prospects for reinventing future mobility and transportation have never been so clear. In the very near future, however, the self-driving industry will be unable to safely land and commercialize on a large scale, which seems to be the heart disease of the vast majority of "burning money" self-driving enterprises around the world.

We review the significant progress in space exploration in this article. China's Chang'E-4 lunar lander and rover successfully landed on the far side of the moon with the landing site in the von Carmen crater in the South-Pole Aitken Basin. This is the first spacecraft that landed on the far side the moon. As planned, Chang'E-5 will return lunar rocks and soil samples in 2019. Subsequently, China's Lunar Exploration Program is going to construct a lunar research station in the future. In terms of Mars exploration, the key task is to answer whether there was a suitable environment for life on Mars and its duration. China's Mars probe is already under development and will be launched in the next launch window. In terms of gravitational wave detection, China is launching the Ali original gravitational wave detection plan which is based on ground observation. Meanwhile, two plans on gravitational wave detection in space have been proposed, called the Taiji plan and Tianqin plan. They are expected to make important contributions in this field. Observation of universe by multimessengers and searching for habitable exoplanets are the frontiers in the field of astronomy and astrophysics. New breakthrough is forthcoming.

In this article we give a brief introduction of Stephen Hawking's main academic contributions and their influences on related subjects. First, we introduce Hawking's accomplishments in his academic jobs such as classic gravity, black hole thermodynamics and quantum cosmology. Then we introduce his academic influences on other related subjects such as the holographic principle of gravity and the gravitational wave physics.

Is there water on Mars? Where is the location of the water, and how much is their storage volume? It is not only a matter of science, but also related closely to the future manned mission and immigrants to the Mars. As the most similar planet to the Earth in the solar system, the surface of Mars is covered with thick soil layer. However, what is the component beneath these sediments? It is always a mystery for human beings. Recently, scientists have discovered abundant pure water ice in the exposed scraps in the mid-latitude region. This article presented the results and what have been discovered. We discussed the proof of exposed ice in the observed material. The formation of ice scraps and the history of ice records, were also discussed. In the end, we described the utilization of the water ice resources for future Mars missions.

Focusing on the outstanding contributions made by Chinese paleontologists, this paper reviews the research advances and hotspots in paleontology around the world in 2017, involving excellent studies on early life, early deuterostomes, fossil vertebrates, ancient humans, ancient DNA, and evolutionary paleobiology.

Scientists in China have produced the first cloned primates by a technique similar to the one used to clone Dolly the sheep and nearly two dozen other species. The breakthrough was published in Cell on 25 January. This review described the techniques process and a brief history of cloning animal. The history failed to produce live primates until now. The group of Sun Qiang optimized reprogramming developed by other groups. One trick was to undo chemical modifications in the DNA that occur when embryonic cells turn into specialized cells. The success of cloned monkey offer some significant advantages to study human neuropathy model. More Labs are needed to promote the optimization of the technology.

This paper presents a definition of life from the viewpoint that microscopic biomacromolecule connects with macroscopic entity, that is, the life is a self-organized organic entity, which consists of protein, nucleic acid and so forth, and possesses intrinsic (and external information exchange) regulation.