Famous for the Riemann-Roch theorem, Gustav Roch, a renowned German mathematician and physicist, has promoted the development of algebraic geometry. Based on literature study and historical analysis, in this paper, Roch's life experience, major achievements and the related influence are reviewed. In his whole life, Roch demonstrated diligence and entrepreneurial spirit. He was brave to explore and persistent in scientific research, serious and responsible in teaching, and willing to serve as a ladder. His short life was full of infinite wisdom.

2024年8月17日，“两弹一星”元勋周光召先生溘然逝世，闻之深感悲痛。光召先生不只是伟大的物理学家，在我的心目中，他更是一名杰出的科技事业领导者和改革家。思考良久，我想将先生的言行和科学精神予我的影响记录下来，以此引导我在科研实践道路上继续前行。

2024年8月17日，周光召先生驾鹤西去。“两弹一星”功勋奖章获得者中为国铸核盾的9位，已全部回归浩瀚星海。周光召是这9位科学家中最年轻的一位，他的离去，带给中国核武器事业极为深重的哀伤。在中国第1颗原子弹爆炸成功60周年之际，几代人的缅怀和追思，带来历史深处的浩浩长风，一次次拂过60多年前的办公楼与园区，拂过房间、走廊，在那里，周先生留下无数亲切的印记，已然成为核武器事业永恒的一部分，不可磨灭。

Gu Fangzhou's work has significantly improved the effectiveness of polio attenuated vaccine and protected millions of children from the threat of polio. As a pioneer in the development of China's oral attenuated vaccine through cell culture, Gu's journey into public health and virology is explored in this paper. The reasons behind Gu's pursuit of a career in public health and virology are introduced and the process of developing China's first batches of attenuated polio vaccines is detailed. Furthermore, the factors influencing the choice of technical routes for polio vaccine development is discussed, as well as the processes and results of vaccine production, verification, and clinical trials. Gu has closely linked his personal destiny with the future of the nation. His research and efforts have significantly improved the health and quality of life for hundreds of millions of people.

2024年是J粒子发现50周年。1974年，美籍华裔物理学家、麻省理工学院教授丁肇中领导的研究小组发现了第4种夸克的束缚态——J粒子，并因此获得1976年诺贝尔物理学奖。J粒子开创性的发现，给基础物理学发展带来了一次革命性的突破。丁肇中长期从事高能物理研究，如今88岁高龄的他，仍然每天工作10~12小时，将全部精力都投入科学研究中。2024年1月27日，在丁肇中88岁寿辰当天，资深媒体人杨澜在北京采访了他。为纪念J粒子发现50周年，现将采访内容整理如下（有删节），以飨读者。

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2023 was awarded to Katalin Karikó and Drew Weissman for their discovery of nucleoside base modifications, which was crucial for the development of COVID-19 mRNA vaccines. In addition, there are many other significant scientific achievements behind the novel coronavirus mRNA vaccine that deserve attention . This article reviewed the crucial breakthroughs of the mRNA vaccine, such as the initial discovery of mRNA, in vitro RNA synthesis, RNA base modifications, the creation and development of liposomes, and the determination of the major components of lipid nanoparticles for RNA delivery. The seminal scientific advancement which enabled COVID-19 mRNA vaccine underscored the inherent value of pursuing unpopular but important research. We should correctly understand the dialectical relationship between popular and unpopular fields of study, and rally preferential support for unpopular subjects, while ensuring a balanced allocation of resources across the spectrum of subject areas.

2024年8月17日晚，伴着令人压抑的秋雨，一位杰出的科学家走了。这消息犹如一声惊雷，轰响在许许多多人的心头，不仅仅是在中国科学院，更是在全国科技界。

在我国原子弹爆炸成功60周年即将来临之际，为第一颗原子弹和第一颗氢弹研制做出奠基性贡献的周光召老师永远离开了我们，但他所开拓和践行的伟大精神将永远留在我们心中。

2024年8月31日，中国科学院理论物理所与北京应用物理与计算数学研究所举行了沉痛悼念我们敬爱的领导与同事——周光召先生的追思会。周光召先生作为中国科学院院士、杰出的物理学家，以及我国“两弹一星”事业的重要贡献者，他的离世无疑是我国科技界的一大损失。在追思会上，与会领导及周先生的同事们纷纷发言，深情缅怀周先生的卓越贡献和高尚品德，言语中充满了对他的敬仰与怀念，同时也表达了对未来科研工作的坚定信念和决心。大家一致表示，一定要继承发扬他的科学精神、爱国精神与奉献精神，为国家的科技进步和繁荣贡献自己的力量。

周光召先生是清华大学物理系的杰出校友。他于1946年考入清华大学先修班（预科），1947年免试进入清华大学物理系，1951年本科毕业，旋即被清华大学研究生院录取成为彭桓武的研究生，1952年院系调整随彭先生到北京大学，1954年研究生毕业。1982年清华物理系复系，他应清华大学邀请，于1984—1988年兼任物理系系主任；1985—2008年兼任清华大学理学院院长，1997年起担任杨振宁先生创办的清华大学高等研究中心顾问。光召先生为清华大学的理科发展，特别是物理学的重振辉煌，倾注了巨大心血和高瞻远瞩的指导。在追思光召先生一生“立德、立功、立言”伟大业绩的时候，回顾光召在清华大学物理发展进程中的一些精辟论述，可以进一步看清周光召对我国如何发展包括物理学在内的基础科学研究以及培养一流物理学人才的理念，在全国加强基础研究、重视一流创新人才培育的今天，有极强的启示意义。

周光召先生是中国著名的物理学家，“两弹一星功勋奖章”获得者。他不仅在物理学基础研究方面取得了卓越成就，在国防科技领域也作出了重要贡献。担任科技行政领导职务期间，他对中国科技事业的改革发展和国际地位的提升发挥了关键作用。周光召先生倡导学术民主，鼓励学术批评，强调求真唯实的科学精神，这些理念对中国科技创新和发展具有深远的现实意义。我们应传承光召先生求真唯实的科学精神，营造学术民主的氛围，“百花齐放、百家争鸣”，在自由开放的环境中展开学术讨论与批评，促进中国和全球科学事业的繁荣发展。

The issue of human egg trading has caused many chaos and ethical and legal disputes. Starting from the analysis of the chaos of human egg trading, this paper points out two existing views in the theoretical community that support and oppose human egg trading. It analyzes the ethical essence of human egg trading from three dimensions: the violation of the original intention of human assisted reproductive technology application, the series of social problems it will bring, and the health risks it will cause. It introduces two basic models of regulation for human egg trading outside the domain, and points out the shortcomings of ethical governance and legal regulation for human egg trading in China, We have proposed ways to improve the ethical governance and legal regulation of human egg trading in China from the perspectives of strengthening bioethics and health education, enhancing the effectiveness of current legislation, formulating specialized laws on human egg management, and strengthening criminal legislation.

As a famous physicist, playwright and social activist, Ding Xilin attached great importance to the work of science communication. In his spare time, he actively participated in the cause of popular science, promotes and promotes the work of science communication, and propagates the ideas of truth, good and beauty in the field of science and society. Based on the analysis of Ding Xilin's popular science articles, teaching materials, plays and other works, this paper gives a comprehensive introduction to Ding Xilin's popular science articles, physics textbooks, plays and other forms of popular science works, expounds the literary writing style and easy to understand characteristics of Ding Xilin's popular science works, and points out that this is the reason for his success. Based on Ding Xilin's early speeches, it was deeply revealed that the motivation and ideological basis of his emphasis on science communication is to improve national quality and realize national rejuvenation.

This paper summarizes the computerized Chinese character laser phototypesetting system that Wang Xuan presided over and the subsequent research and development work, and discusses his innovative personality traits and his viewpoints of cross-disciplinary research and demand-inspired creativity. The analysis shows how to find the precise research direction and grasp the development trend of technology, explains Wang Xuan's technology foresight thought and disruptive technology innovation practices, and demonstrates his scientific spirit of pioneering work and continuous innovation.

This study focuses on Academician Shi Yunyu, one of the earliest scholars in China to engage in biomolecular dynamics simulation and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy research on the structure and dynamics of biomolecules. Through literature analysis, archival research, and oral history interviews, this research delineates the significant achievements of Academician Shi in the fields of computational biology, protein structure, dynamics, and functional research, as well as epigenetic regulation and aging. It details her efforts in team formation, securing major research projects, mentoring junior scholars, and leading the development of her institute and academic discipline. The study reconstructs her academic growth and contributions. By examining the interplay of personal factors and the social environment, this study discusses the influences that shaped Shi Yunyu into an distinguished scientist, offering insights for the academic community and society on fostering an agreeable academic atmosphere and research environment.

There are two approaches to the ethical governance of AI machines: "externalism" and "internalism". "Externalism" emphasizes the development of AI machines based on the ethical norms formulated by humans, while "internalism" highlights the self-learning ability of AI machines to form the moral consciousness of machine subjects independent of humans. By introducing the essential differences between artificial intelligence machine ethics and human ethics, this paper reveals the aesthetic implications contained in the human ethical world, that is, the beauty and aesthetic sense leading to moral consciousness cannot be simulated and stratified, and the organic life and aesthetic judgment forming moral consciousness cannot be restored. The subject moral consciousness of AI machine cannot be produced and the AI machine ethics driven by the principle of utilitarianism cannot lead to the conclusion of the meaning world of human ethics. The moral intentionality of artificial intelligence is the result of formal logic deduction, artificial intelligence machine lacks "embodiment", cannot engage in perceptual practice activities nor produce emotional consciousness, and its cognitive mode belongs to a single reductionism. Therefore, artificial intelligence machines cannot generate beauty value independently, so the "internal approach" of its governance is also an extension and expansion of the "externalism" approach.

In 1958, Shanghai Automobile Assembly Plant successfully trial-produced the first car in Shanghai, the Phoenix brand car, creating the history of car manufacturing in Shanghai. It was a breakthrough in the development of Shanghai's automobile industry in the trial production of cars. Phoenix car was a special product of a specific era, and its research and development process reflected to a certain extent how social and environmental factors play a role in the development of science and technology. Combing the development process of Phoenix car can effectively discern the historical road opened up by the Shanghai car industry in four directions: technology, style, market positioning and professional cooperation, which has an enlightening effect on summarizing the experience of the times.

In recent years, the militarization process of artificial intelligence is developing rapidly with the complex and changeable international situation. Starting from the concept of artificial intelligence and its ethical risks, this paper lists the representative ethical issues in the development of military artificial intelligence both in domestic and abroad, including identification technology and moral judgment, responsibility attribution, and disaster caused by the artificial intelligence out of control. This paper analyzes the primary causes of the ethical risks arising from the militarization of artificial intelligence, and puts forward suggestions from three aspects: ensuring the bottom line of avoiding major human disasters caused by military artificial intelligence, continuously improving the accountability gap and technical vulnerability existing in military artificial intelligence, and striving to promote the active discussion of military artificial intelligence topics in the international community,so as to provide ethical review and reference for the application of artificial intelligence to the military.

This article summarizes the unique development process of amateur radio under the joint influence of technology policies and folk technology enthusiasts during the Republic of China period, and analyzes the contradiction between the desire of enthusiasts to carry out research smoothly and the government's science and technology policies that were full of skepticism and restrictions. It showcases a historical process during which the active measures taken by enthusiasts solved conflicts. It is concluded that in some special periods, there will be different scientific views between the folk academic circles and the political circles. When contradiction occurs, there will be a complex interaction between the important folk technological enthusiast groups and the government management. The former has the ability to feed back and coordinate against policy obstacles, so as to promote scientific and technological progress. This historical process also shows that only the science and technology policy of encouraging and standardizing can promote the good development of technological enthusiasm.

The victory of Deep Blue against Kasparov in 1997 and the victory of Alpha Dog over Lee Sedol in 2016 set off the trend of artificial intelligence, however, artificial intelligence still has so far a huge gap behind humans in terms of intelligence level and range of capabilities, which hinders its development. The reason is that there is an unbridgeable boundary between human intelligence and machine intelligence. In this context, machines that rely on symbols pointing to objects can only perform formal calculations in a closed environment but cannot realize intentional calculations in an open environment like humans. Therefore, the complementary advantages of man and machine are particularly important. The current relationship between man and machine is mainly a hard function allocation, whereas the relationship between man and machine in the future digital world would more likely be a flexible division of capabilities. This paper discusses in detail the bottlenecks of artificial intelligence, the first principle of intelligence, and other issues, and gives more in-depth thinking about human-machine problem amid these problems. It is proposed that human-machine hybrid intelligence is the future development direction of artificial intelligence.

The World Federation of Scientific Workers, which was founded in 1946, is a non-governmental organization initiated by the British Association of Scientific Workers and other groups. Its members are scientific workers' groups from eastern and western countries. Since the establishment of the WFSW, China has been an important member of it, and has experienced its establishment, development and decline. This article summarized the development history of the WFSW by analyzing the relevant reports and archives of People's Daily, analyzed the development of the relationship between China and the WFSW from 1949 to 1966, and discussed in detail the interaction between China and the WFSW during this period. Then the article pointed out that the WFSW was an important international platform for China to contact western capitalist countries and publicize the political stand of New China during the period from 1949 to 1966. The Chinese government and the scientific community are the important forces to promote the development and growth of the WFSW. At the same time, participating in a series of meetings of the WFSW is a typical case in which the Chinese government serves the country's diplomacy through international activities of the scientific community. Besides, it still has certain reference significance for the development of China's diplomatic work at present.

Based on literature analysis, history-logic-united dialectical method, and oral history method, this paper comprehensively analyzes the connotation of Bingzhi's scientific institution thought from four aspects: the significance of scientific institution, the system norms of science practice subjects, the effective operation of the organizational systems, and the external conditions for the function of scientific institution. Then it summarizes Bingzhi's practice and exploration in the institutionalization of modern biology in China by establishing educational institutions, research institutions, academic groups, and academic journals, and draws the conclusion of Bingzhi's spirit of looking to the world, taking root in China, thinking deeply and being brave in the practice of the institutionalization of modern biology in China. The realistic significance of this spirit for future scientific institutionalization in China was prospected.

As a focus of emerging strategic technologies attracting global attention, quantum information technology has made breakthroughs in the fields of quantum computing and quantum communication. From the perspective of the history of science, quantum information revolution is significantly different from the first quantum revolution that occurred in the 20th century in terms of principle and connotation, and it also has a more direct impact on the future development strategy for science and technology. This study introduces the development history of quantum information technology, analyzes the revolutionary characteristics of quantum information technology from multiple aspects, and summarizes the influence and enlightenment of the quantum information revolution on future technology strategies and scientific models.

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2022 was jointly awarded to Carolyn Ruth Bertozzi, Morten Meldal and Karl Barry Sharpless for the development of click chemistry and bioorthogonal chemistry. Sharpless has won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for the second time since 2001. This paper reviews his scientific research and achievements in the field of click chemistry, analyzes the characteristics of click chemistry, that is, simplicity and efficiency. Meanwhile, the paper points out that his research direction changing from chiral catalytic oxidation reaction to click chemistry reflects the scientific spirit of selfbreakthrough and never-ending and the interdisciplinarity of his study also reveals the way to cultivate innovative scientists.

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2022 was awarded to Svante Pääbo for his discoveries concerning the genomes of extinct hominins and human evolution. This paper reviews the long history of human origin and breakthrough development of biosequencing technology, combs the scientific research progress of Paabo's team, and clarifies the exploration road of ancient DNA and fruitful achievements. Pääbo and his team sequenced the entire genome of the extinct ancient human Neanderthal for the first time in the field of ancient DNA, and discovered the unknown ancient humans Denisovans. Pääbo's work provides a new evidence for the evolutionary genetics of humans. Pääbo's scientific research process of exploring gene flow in human evolution shows the serious spirit of science and the ideal ecology. Pääbo's scientific research achievements and ideas have realized the value of paleogenomics across disciplines and times and inspired us to further think about where humanity will go in the future.

This paper reviews Zhu Kezhen's role in building China's meteorological network and discusses the scientist's spirit that he displayed in the process. The analysis shows that as the founder of Chinese meteorology, Zhu Kezhen not only led the development of Chinese meteorology, but also infused the Chinese meteorological community with the spiritual motivation of serving the country with loyalty, working with diligence and precise, integrating leniency and strictness, seeking truth and dedicating to the common cause.

Mr. Gao Shiqi was a famous science writer of China. He devoted his whole life to science popularization and was praised by Premier Zhou Enlai "the representative of science popularization". This paper reviews his science writing career and summarizes the connotation of Marxism theory system of science literature and arts. This theory is precious for the current times.

After reading three original books focusing on academic integrity and ethics, and appreciating the viewpoints of the original authors, the author of this paper discusses the relationship between academic integrity and ethics, as well as the dilemmas and the dual nature of the academic ethics based on the perspective of scientists' values.

The third-generation vaccine technology represented by mRNA vaccine has played a important role in the fight against the novel coronavirus pneumonia (COVID-19). The technique of modifying mRNA with pseudouridine and its analogs developed by Katalin Karikó and Drew Weissman is the key basis for the successful development of mRNA vaccine. The scientific research road of the main pioneer of this technology, Katalin Karikó, and the research and development of the mRNA COVID-19 vaccines provide us with much food of thought. Karikó's success is inseparable from her firm belief in face of difficulties and the spirit of persistently and steadfastly engaging in basic research. One should pay more attention to the key role of basic research in promoting the source innovation.

The recombinant DNA technology was developed by a university laboratory in the U.S in 1972.The Recombinant DNA Advisory Committee (RAC) was established by the government of U.S in 1974 and played a significant role in regulating the risks of gene manipulation technology until 2019.With the ups and downs of RAC in the course of risk regulation of gene manipulation technology in the U.S,the technical risk regulation of gene manipulation technology in the U.S has gradually developed from infant to mature.This article depicts the roadmap for the RAC and its regulatory power to come into being,retrieves the contributions that RAC made to regulating the technical risks under the haze of gene manipulation technology risks with plenty doubts from government authorities,and presents the basic regulation of gene therapy in the United States.The article also narrates the critical event of the gene therapy,including the process of the first case with RAC's approval and the performance of RAC facing the first fatal case.

Great contributions in the field of fiber identification and analysis of ancient paper have been made by Wang Juhua,a well-known papermaking expert in China.Based on the dozens of papers published by her in the field of papermaking and two significant professional monographs,Papermaking Raw Materials of China and Their Micrographs and The Characteristics of Fibers,History of Papermaking Technology in Ancient China,this paper discusses Wang Juhua's achievements in the characteristics and process of papermaking raw materials,the research on academic issues related to the origin of papermaking,the analysis and identification of ancient paper and the research and development of papermaking fiber measuring instrument.The fiber testers of XWY series,which are developed and improved by Wang Juhua and her team,play an important role in fiber identification.

As an important event in the development of genetics,analysis of genetic code and perfection of genetic "central law" have been explored for a long time.By sorting out the historical facts of the discovery of genetic code and the establishment of life formula,this paper summarizes the analysis process of genetic code and restores the whole process of the development of life formula from linear structure to triangular structure.

This paper reviews the process how Shiing-Shen Chern spread modern mathematics in China. It is found that in the period of the Republic of China, he actively held mathematics discussion classes in Southwest Associated University, supervised graduate students of mathematics, and presided over the Central Institute of Mathematics. After the reform and opening up, he organized a series of "Double Micro" conferences, organized summer graduate workshops, carried out the "Chern Shiing-Shen Study Ahead Program", offered modern differential geometry courses at Peking University and founded the Nankai Research Institute of Mathematics, which demonstrated Chern Shiing-Shen's leading role and contribution in building China into a country strong in mathematics.

Foreign engineers played an important role in the development of steel industry in China in the late Qing Dynasty. This paper reviews the participation process of foreign engineers in the engineering construction, the technical guidance and the industrial production of China's iron and steel industry, focusing on the problems such as the way of introduction, the idea of employment and the level of appointment of foreign engineers, as well as the historical role of foreign engineers in the development of China's iron and steel industry. Through the analysis of historical data, this paper suggests that sending engineers was an important means of foreign countries to covet China's coal and steel resources and expand their interests. The multiple identities of foreign engineers in the late Qing Dynasty reflected the complexity of the relationship between China and foreign countries during the Westernization Movement.

The ability to perceive heat, cold and touch is the key to human adaptation to the environment. David Julius and Alden Pataptian won the 2021 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their discovery of the TRPV1, TRPM8 ion-protein channels and PIEZO genes, unveiling the ‘mystery’ of human temperature and touch receptors. By reviewing the growth experiences, scientific research activities and research results of the two scientists in the field of human perception, the advantages and disadvantages of "pain" to the human body are discussed, and the relationship between the application of new scientific instruments and basic scientific research is investigated.

The new era calls for building a world power in science and technology and promoting the self-reliance of highlevel science and technology, and higher requirements are put forward for the scientific and technological workers. It is necessary to carry forward the spirit of scientists and create new monuments of innovation and new spiritual characteristics. This paper reviews the development process of scientific spirit and scientist spirit, and analyzes the significance of carrying forward scientist spirit in the new era. In view of the problems and challenges faced by the multi-department promotion the communication system of the spirit of scientists, the work style and the study style construction and the micro-ecological construction of scientific community, four basic paths of carrying forward the spirit of scientists in the new era are proposed: perfecting the collaborative promotion mechanism of departments and institutions; improving the communication system of the spirit of scientists; establishing the bottom line requirements for the construction of work style and study style; and strengthening the micro-ecological construction of scientific community.

The first half of the 20th century is the pioneering period for the globalization of the Chinese natural science research. Based on a review of Chinese papers in the Science Citation Index during this period, this paper analyzes the characteristics of the globalization process with a historical reflections from an empirical perspective. It is shown that the scientists, the funds and the facilities are important factors for the scientific activities; the Matthew effect for the scientific institutions and the disciplines is remarkable; with the dominant idea of putting the emphasis on the technology rather than the science, the research hotspots are on the medicine, the biology, and the chemistry; the science center moves from Beijing to Yunnan in the turbulent times, which indicates that the talents are the most essential for the science, followed by other resources and conditions; and a high level of the international scientific cooperation in the initial stage is indispensable for the global scientific research. The unique history of the initial stage of the Chinese natural science research provides an important enlightenment for the progress of the science and the technology and the social development today.