The importance of MBSE and MBD together with the difference between modelling in systems engineering and modelling in design is discussed. Design has to be carried out on a deterministic and unambiguous base, even it may go through a zig-zag process. In comparison with the modelling in systems engineering which tolerates the use of some natural language, the modelling in design has to adopt modelling language rigidly to express its results. As the design is a process of knowledge flow, knowledge integration, knowledge competitiveness and knowledge evolution, and as it must simultaneously meet the requirement of function on material, the requirement of function on mental and the requirement of function on social, a set of suggestions on classifications and expressions of function knowledge in design are presented as follows. 1) transfer functions are used to express the knowledge of magnitude of function elements; 2) block diagrams formed by blocks, input vectors, output vectors, controlling vectors and operators are used to express the relationship between function elements; 3) transfer functions are derived from inputs and outputs of function elements. When the design knowledge is supplied in a distributed source environment by subdivided and/or specialized design knowledge services the deterministic and unambiguous expressions of behavior knowledge and structure knowledge are sometimes necessary. It is, therefore, meaningful to combine the previous suggestions concerning expressions of function knowledge with any part of any systems engineering modelling language which can determinately and unambiguously describe the behavior and structure of a function element or a system in design.

The research motivation for model-based system-of-sestems Engineering (MBSoSE) is summarized. The current research progress and primary application areas of MBSoSE are reviewed, and the MBSoSE future development requirement is prospected. Secondly, the mainstream of techniques for current MBSoSE research and application are introduced from two aspects, the SoS architecture modeling and the SoSE process modeling. Finally, a research framework for multi-swarm intelligent SoSE is proposed under the background of intelligent unmanned combat application. The research requirement of MBSoSE is analyzed in detail, the research conception and developing strategy are presented from the viewpoint of both system-of-systems facet and swarm facet.

Model based sysytems engineering (MBSE) has been attached great importance to and vigorously promoted in various industries in China. From the perspective of MBSE promotion practice, MBSE needs systems engineering as its foundation while the foundation of systems engineering is the requirement. The application of systems engineering depends on procedures. Making good use of systems engineering depends on SE capability system, and the core of systems engineering is systemic thinking.

Critical concepts of MBSE are articulated and main obstacles for traditional system engineering approach are analyzed. On the basis of the analysis, two original incentives of the development of MBSE, cost and demand, are demonstrated. Finally, two probable boosters for MBSE's development are proposed as future R&D paradigm transition and AI-based knowledge exploitation technology.

Software engineering has transformed from process-oriented thinking to object-oriented thinking, and this transformation has been proven successful by practice. Being a more general subject than software engineering, systems engineering is dealing with systems that are more and more complex. Since model-based systems engineering(MBSE)adopts systems modeling language, which has evolved from unified modeling language, MBSE is object-oriented systems engineering in nature, and will share the same advantages of objectoriented software Engineering. To develop and apply MBSE methodology, we should comply with the principle of object-oriented thingking.

On the basis of expounding the connotation of basic terms such as system, model, architecture and model architecture, this paper discusses the relationship between problem architecture, design activity architecture and system architecture. By means of the problem structure, a complete model system and a perfect model architecture are put forward to provide beneficial support for system design. The problem this paper explores is to reveal the possible reason affecting system engineering practice. It is hoped that the development of the model system will be paid more attention to in practice, so as to avoid losing integrity when using the model. Integrity is just one of the key points of systems engineering.

Model-based systems engineering which plays a fundamental role in dealing with system complexity becomes a hot topic in the systems engineering field, and it is a guarantee to promote engineering capabilities in the future. This article begins with the concept and evolution history of model-based systems engineering, then analyzes the application of MBSE through domestic cases as well as overseas. Finally, difficulties and countermeasures for China's future model-based systems engineering development are discussed.

The purpose of MBSE is to deal with the complexity problem of systems engineering through simultaneously using information, computation and software technologies to bridge the gap between system engineering and individual domain engineering, e.g., embedded, safety, mechanical, etc. Integrate product team (IPT) is a critical enabler for effective MBSE's application risk control while the maturity of MBSE tool chain or model based engineering environment is a vital fact that will strongly affect the enterprise application. Facing the trend of overwhelming digitalization of 4th industrial revolution, we must realize the necessity of integrating MBSE process with PLM/PDM as well as the understanding and reconstructing MBSE in a big context of digital engineering and digital thread.

This article explains the connotation and value of MBSE, and investigates the practice and application of MBSE by foreign nuclear power R&D enterprises. A case study of the MBSE implementation process for the passive safety system of nuclear power project is conducted, with the main contents including application of requirements analysis, functional analysis, and architecture definition in passive safety system design. The system model is used to express system requirements, structure, parameters, and behavioral information to achieve traceability and verification of various information in the system design process, improve design efficiency, and reduce design risk. The article also explores the guiding role of the MBSE method in nuclear power R&D and design, and then the innovation of nuclear power engineering R&D design mode to provide a feasible solution for digital transformation. According to the practice and understanding of MBSE, challenges faced by MBSE involving technology, culture, thinking and management are discussed in order to provide a reference for further application of MBSE concept in nuclear power design.

Project based teaching or learning plays an important role in cultivating engineering students with teamwork, innovation and practice abilities. In engineering domain, the complex mechatronics system is one of the best subjects to fulfill project-based learning approach. To date, however, there has been little study on the model-based approach to support engineering students to fulfill projectbased learning strategy to design and develop mechatronics systems. This paper develops a model-based approach for engineering students to innovatively design mechatronics system with focus on teamwork and project-based learning. This approach includes two types of models, i.e. project management model and design object description and management model. A case study is presented to show how to follow the model-based approach to design a fretting tribometer.

This paper expounds the important connotation of airworthiness management of civil aircraft, analyzes the challenges brought by the application of model-based system engineering methodology to airworthiness management of civil aviation products, and puts forward some management suggestions on airworthiness management issues that should be paid attention to when applying model-based system engineering methodology to R & D of aviation products.

Civil aircraft design must be carried out in accordance with a large amount of airworthiness requirements. Failure to capture proper requirements in early design stage may lead to unnecessary design iterations and solution alternations. Therefore, a model based method is proposed for automatically mapping proper airworthiness requirements to a current design task in the early design. It mainly includes a design task model for formal representation of different aircraft features, and an airworthiness constraint model for semantically representing airworthiness regulations. Based on the study of model mapping rules, a searching algorithm is also developed to facilitate requirements acquisition. Finally, a software tool is also implemented using the above method and tested through a case study.

A model-based systems engineering (MBSE) approach is proposed to formalize aero-engine development with model-based design, which is developed based on a systemic thinking approach to support analysis of aero-engine systems, such as requirement, architecture, verification and validation. Moreover, a domain-specific modeling (DSM) approach is developed under an M₀-M₃ modeling framework that includes meta-meta model, meta-model and model. The DSM approach is used to formalize views of products and implement automated verification and validation using code-generation. In this paper, a case study including four graphs is used to represent development information from different views based on GOPPRR meta-meta models. In addition, one code-generation algorithm is developed to support transformation from DSM models to Simulink models for verification. The result shows that the proposed aeroengine example indeed verifies the flexibility of the DSM approaches.

Model-based systems engineering employs the method of model expression throughout the whole system's life cycle to describe requirements, design, analysis, verification and validation. It has rapidly found applications in such as aviation, aerospace, shipbuilding, and other related engineering fields thanks to the advantages of unambiguity, modularization, reusability and traceability. This paper summarizes the relevant elements of the model-based system engineering, including methodology, modeling language, and tools. An exploration on the function modeling of aero engine sub systems is described.

The technical and logical architectures of the total solution to systematic forward design and additive manufacturing are introduced. The framework and backbone roles of systems engineering in the total solution are analyzed. The implementation of MBSE in the total solution is elaborated from three perspectives:1) logic dimension of systems engineering technical processes, 2) cognitive dimension of organization capacity development, and 3) system dimension of artifact system lifecycles. Furthermore, the MBSE implementation is integrated into the capacity maturity framework of the total solution-a new arena of MBSE implementation.