The construction of "Quiet China" places increasing demands on environmental noise control and high−quality acoustic environments. Sound field control (SFC) has emerged as an effective approach for actively regulating acoustic fields and has attracted considerable research attention in recent years. This paper presents a comprehensive review of the state of the art in sound field control, with a particular focus on three representative technologies: sound field reconstruction, personal audio systems, and active noise control. First, fundamental principles and representative methods for sound field reconstruction are reviewed, including pressure matching, higher−order Ambisonics, wave field synthesis, and parametric array–based approaches. Subsequently, multi−zone sound field control techniques for personal audio systems are summarized, with emphasis on acoustic contrast control and its extensions toward robustness and broadband performance. Furthermore, recent advances in active noise control are discussed from the perspectives of system configurations, control algorithms, and practical applications in complex noise environments. Based on the reviewed literature, potential research directions are outlined, highlighting system integration, intelligent control, and multi−objective optimization for real−world deployment. The reviewed progress provides useful references and technical insights for the design and application of sound field control systems in support of the "Quiet China" initiative.

Against the backdrop of rapid social development, people's demand for a quiet and harmonious environment is increasingly pressing. Noise pollution has become a significant environmental issue affecting people's quality of life and health, making noise control an indispensable technological requirement for safeguarding the people's "right to tranquility" as a basic livelihood need. This paper comprehensively elaborates on noise prevention and control technologies, covering a diverse array of techniques including sound absorption, sound insulation, noise attenuation, vibration isolation, damping, and active noise control. It presents the research frontiers of these technologies and their applicability at the technical application level, analyzes noise control strategies for different scenarios such as urban environments, transportation, and construction, and looks forward to the future development trends of noise control technologies. Furthermore, it emphasizes the crucial role of noise source mechanism research, source control, and new acoustic structural materials in the field of noise mitigation and control.

Artificial intelligence is regarded as the core driving force of the Fourth Industrial Revolution. While it brings impacts and challenges to many traditional industries, it also plays an important role in empowering and enhancing their quality. Similarly, it has brought new development opportunities to the ancient discipline of acoustics. Currently, artificial intelligence has been deeply intersecting and integrating with underwater acoustics, ultrasonics, and air acoustics, continuously promoting the innovation of acoustic technologies. This paper focuses on the applications of artificial intelligence in acoustics, especially in air acoustics. Firstly, we elaborate in detail on the current applications of artificial intelligence in many fields, such as speech signal processing, sound source localization, spatial audio, acoustic event detection, classification and monitoring, as well as acoustic simulation and optimization, and we then further analyze the advantages of using artificial intelligence when compared with traditional methods. Secondly, in terms of the possible core problems which can hinder applications in practical scenarios, we conduct comprehensive discussions, including generalization, data dependency and low quality, computational complexity, real−time deployment, and multi−modality fusion. Finally, we summarize the challenges faced by the application of artificial intelligence in acoustics and the future development directions.

More than two decades of sustained development regarding acoustic metamaterials have not only unveiled a wide range of novel acoustic phenomena and provided abundant new mechanisms and methods for sound manipulation, but also introduced a new paradigm for acoustic wave control. In this article, we provide a brief overview of recent advances in acoustic metamaterials, introduce their anomalous acoustic properties and outline how artificially designed acoustic metamaterials enable multidimensional control of sound waves according to specific tasks. Covered topics include wavefront shaping, spatial distribution and directional control of sound energy, time−dependent and orbital angular momentum modulation in acoustic artificial systems. We also showcase the potential of metamaterials to address longstanding challenges in key areas such as noise reduction, room−in sound field control, and acoustic detection. Acoustic metamaterials are currently experiencing rapid development and are accelerating the transition from fundamental research to practical applications. In the future, they are expected to play a pivotal role in diverse areas such as ultrasonic diagnostics and therapy, stealth technology, and intelligent manufacturing.

Infrasound Monitoring has now emerged as a significant disaster monitoring technique. It enables the monitoring and assessment of natural disasters over extensive geographical areas using a sparse network of infrasound monitoring stations. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of infrasound monitoring technology, encompassing the physical characteristics of infrasound propagation in the atmosphere, the hardware architecture of infrasound monitoring stations, and algorithms for infrasound event detection. It elaborates in detail on the application of the infrasound method in monitoring natural disasters such as earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and avalanches, specifically its roles in source localization, event type identification, and disaster damage assessment. Due to its long−range monitoring capability and the extended propagation distances of infrasound through the atmosphere, it is susceptible to azimuthal deviations caused by factors such as atmospheric winds. This susceptibility compromises the accuracy and robustness of monitoring results. To enhance the performance of infrasound monitoring, it is recommended to integrate infrasound data with complementary datasets (e.g., seismic data) and to leverage artificial intelligence (AI) techniques for the deep mining of correlations within multimodal data. Combining the physical principles governing infrasound atmospheric propagation with advanced signal processing methods will improve capabilities for determining source location, estimating energy release, and identifying event types. The infrasound monitoring method serves as a crucial, cost−efficient solution for large−scale natural disaster surveillance, enabling comprehensive analysis of diverse hazard types. With the advancement of artificial intelligence technology, infrasound monitoring is poised to enter a new stage of intelligent processing.

Ocean ambient noise refers to the sum of sounds produced by natural phenomena and human activities in the ocean. With the advancement of passive acoustic technologies and signal processing methods, this noise has shifted from a traditional source of interference to an important means of acquiring seabed information and can be used to invert key geoacoustic parameters such as seabed sound speed and attenuation. This paper systematically reviews the main methods for seabed geoacoustic inversion based on ocean ambient noise and categorizes them into three types according to the principles: (1) inversion methods based on the spatial characteristics of the noise field. (2) inversion methods based on reconstructing the Green’s function via noise cross−correlation. (3) inversion methods driven by data and intelligent optimization algorithms. It analyzes key challenges faced by current methods in practical applications, including robustness, resolution, and applicability, and discusses future development directions. This study is of significant value for promoting the practical application of seabed parameter inversion methods and enhancing ocean environmental monitoring capabilities.

In recent years, in addition to traditional noise reduction measures targeting aircraft engine and airframe noise sources, increasing attention has been paid to engine–airframe installation noise control and noise abatement flight procedure technologies. In terms of installation noise control, this paper provides an overview of the generation mechanisms, influencing factors, and control techniques for jet and fan installation noise, as well as the application of computational aeroacoustics methods in noise mechanism analysis and prediction. For noise abatement procedures, the principles, applicable conditions, and effectiveness of standard departure procedures NADP 1/2 (Noise Abatement Departure Procedure), continuous climb/descent operations, and derated takeoff are introduced. The integration of performance−based navigation and multi−objective optimization is highlighted as a promising approach to achieving the coordinated optimization of noise reduction and flight performance. This paper systematically reviews the progress and development trends of these two key noise reduction approaches, aiming to contribute to the realization of the "Quiet China" initiative.

With the acceleration of urbanization, equipment noise pollution has become a core challenge in the management of social life noise. This review summarizes the governance pathways and noise reduction technologies for noise pollution from equipment. It identifies three major current challenges: passive noise reduction shows insufficient attenuation for low−frequency noise (<500 Hz) and significant weight increase; active noise cancellation (ANC) faces bottlenecks in high−frequency noise (>1 kHz) control, real−time computing power, and power consumption; sound quality optimization is constrained by individual differences in psychoacoustic parameters. Aiming at the above limitations, this paper proposes frontline technological breakthrough directions: low−frequency efficient sound absorption of acoustic metamaterials (sound absorption coefficient>0.95), noise reduction−efficiency synergy of aerodynamic bionic technology, and artificial intelligence−driven dynamic adaptation of intelligent noise reduction. It is recommended to build a soundscape ecology from physical silence to psychological tranquility through the integration of the three−chain "policy−technology−standard" to support the implementation of the "Quiet China" strategy.

At present, a new round of scientific and technological revolution and industrial transformation is advancing at an accelerated pace, with breakthroughs in cutting−edge fields reshaping the global landscape. The scientific and technological development of China during the 15th Five−Year Plan period is not only a crucial stage for itself to achieve the goal of building a world power in science and technology, but also will play an important role in the global pattern of scientific and technological development, exerting a significant and far−reaching impact on the world. How to accurately position itself in the complex and volatile international situation, make forward−looking plans, and scientifically map out the roadmap for scientific and technological development during the 15th Five−Year Plan period is a key issue that China must strive to address at present. In the next 5−10 years, China will face a complex situation where the intensification of strategic games among major powers, the acceleration of scientific and technological industrial transformation, and the arduous task of economic and social transformation are intertwined: science and technology have become the main battlefield of national strength competition, international cooperation has weakened, and security risks have risen; the frontiers of science and technology are advancing in depth, and disruptive technologies are intersecting and integrating, nurturing new industrial forms; China's economy is transforming towards high quality, and security risks in fields such as energy and food are prominent. The construction of a strong science and technology country during the 15th Five−Year Plan period should focus on six aspects: first, strengthen organized basic research; second, coordinate and strengthen the tackling of key core technologies; third, strengthen the dominant position of enterprises in innovation; fourth, promote the integrated development of education, science and technology, and talents; fifth, improve the ecological environment for scientific and technological innovation; sixth, strengthen open innovation and cooperation.

Based on the evolutionary law of the 50−year long−wave cycle of the world economy, this paper focuses on the core engine of the fifth long−wave cycle—the integrated circuit (IC) industry. It systematically sorts out the development history, current status of the industrial system, and global competitive pattern of China's IC industry from the "6th Five−Year Plan" to the "14th Five−Year Plan" periods. By analyzing the development achievements in key links such as electronic design automation (EDA), design, manufacturing, packaging and testing, equipment, materials, and memory, the paper identifies China's breakthroughs in chip autonomy in national security−related fields and the phased achievements of multiple enterprises ranking among the top 10 in relevant global fields. Meanwhile, it deeply analyzes the industry's existing problems, including homogeneous competition and internal friction caused by "small scale, dispersion, and weakness", lack of fault tolerance and trial−and−error mechanisms between upstream and downstream enterprises, imperfect data statistics and industrial standards, and insufficient transformation of "national efforts" into practical actions. Combined with the development trends of integrated circuits in the post−Moore era—extending Moore's Law, expanding Moore's Law, transcending Moore's Law, and enriching Moore's Law—the paper proposes that during the "15th Five−Year Plan" period, efforts should be made to build leading enterprises, improve coordination mechanisms, increase targeted investment, strengthen basic research, deepen international cooperation, and optimize talent training.

This paper outlines the strategic opportunities and challenges facing China's space science during the 15th Five−Year Plan period and analyzes the current development status in space science both domestically and internationally, highlighting gaps and shortcomings in China’s capabilities. Guided by the National Mid− and Long−term Plan for Space Science in China (2024−2050) as a blueprint, the paper elaborates on pathways to achieve transformative breakthroughs during the 15th Five−Year Plan by strengthening plan implementation, consolidating the talent foundation, breaking through payload technology bottlenecks, and fostering an ecosystem for original breakthroughs. The paper envisions breakthroughs in frontier areas such as cosmic origins, space weather, and exoplanet detection during this period, emphasizing the imperative to seize opportunities, leverage the advantages of the new nationwide system, and enhance strategic−tactical synergy. These efforts will accelerate the deployment of fundamental research in space science and deepen key technological studies. These efforts will tangibly address the "first and last mile" challenges in fostering major scientific achievements, and provide robust support for building China into a leading science and technology powerhouse while bolstering its position as a leading space nation.

The deep sea is not only a mystery of life and repository of resources, but also a critical element of national security, constituting a vital strategic domain for the sustainable development of humanity. To develop China into a strong maritime nation, it is imperative to advance into the deep sea. To this end, the 2025 Government Work Report has, for the first time, identified "deep−sea science and technology" as an emerging industry. This article highlights that, thanks to rapid advancements in "deep drilling, deep diving, and deep−sea networking" technologies, China has developed world−class capabilities in "deep−sea access, deep−sea exploration, and deep−sea development." Significant progress has been made in areas such as deep−sea drilling, deep−sea diving, and deep−sea observation networks. Notably, the "South China Sea Deep−Sea Research Initiative" has achieved breakthrough results, including the discovery of low−latitude drivers. In the future, exploration in the South China Sea will expand to the southern basin, and China’s deep−sea research will advance toward full−ocean−depth and all−sea−area investigations, promoting deeper integration between deep−sea and polar exploration.The deep sea holds abundant and valuable resources. Currently, China faces a historic opportunity to establish a "Chinese School" of Earth system science, starting from deep−sea research. It is essential to build upon the foundation of the South China Sea, broaden the perspective to the global ocean, accelerate the strategic development of deep−sea science and technology, foster new productive forces in deep−sea resource utilization, and promote the intelligent integration of "deep drilling, deep diving, and deep−sea networking" technologies with multidisciplinary collaboration. Leveraging new technologies such as big data and supporting technological innovations will provide crucial support for China’s goals of becoming a maritime power and a global leader in science and technology.

This paper expounds the necessity and feasibility of the application of hydrogen energy in aviation field, reviews the research and development history of hydrogen aviation power at home and abroad, looks forward to the development prospect of hydrogen aviation power, points out that the development of hydrogen aviation power needs the reconstruction of the whole industrial chain, the innovation of the whole chain, the whole process test and the establishment of a new national system, and puts forward some suggestions, such as firm confidence in promoting the development of hydrogen aviation, building a national strategic scientific and technological force of hydrogen aviation, building an innovative development ecology of hydrogen aviation, and implementing the national science and technology project of hydrogen aviation.

The global automotive industry is currently in a critical phase of deep transformation toward electrification, intelligence, and connectivity. By leveraging its first−mover advantage in new energy vehicles, China has been actively advancing the development of intelligent connected vehicles (ICVs) on the basis of electrification, establishing certain early advantages. This paper systematically reviews and compares domestic and international progress in key technological breakthroughs, the deployment of connected infrastructure, and large−scale demonstration applications. It summarizes China's leading edges in perception and decision−making systems, cloud−control basic platforms, testing environment development, and industrial implementation, while also identifying weaknesses in high−performance chips, vehicle operating systems, cross−domain standard coordination, and integrated security assurance. The analysis indicates that China's automotive industry needs to strengthen independent innovation in core technologies such as the vehicle–road–cloud integrated architecture and large−scale vehicle AI models, build a software–hardware decoupled, open, and collaborative industrial ecosystem, accelerate large−scale demonstration applications across multiple scenarios, and deepen high−level international cooperation. This paper clearly proposes a high−quality development pathway centered on the "deep integration of intelligence and connectivity," providing a systematic theoretical framework and policy insights for promoting the transformation and upgrading of China's automotive industry and building a world−leading automotive power.

High-energy neutrinos interact weakly with matter and are not deflected by magnetic fields during their propagation through the Universe, making them unique messengers for probing extreme astrophysical processes, unveiling the origin of high-energy cosmic rays, and advancing multi-messenger astronomy. The IceCube Neutrino Observatory has discovered astrophysical high-energy neutrinos and identified compelling evidence for neutrino emission from active galactic nuclei and the Galactic plane, marking the advent of neutrino astronomy. However, owing to limitations in detector volume, angular resolution, and neutrino flavor identification efficiency, the origins of high-energy neutrinos remain largely unresolved. As major developed nations are accelerating the construction of next-generation neutrino telescopes, Chinese scientists have proposed TRopIcal DEep-sea Neutrino Telescope (TRIDENT), a next-generation neutrino telescope in the South China Sea with significantly enhanced performance. TRIDENT aims to rapidly identify astrophysical neutrino sources and precisely measure neutrino flavor ratios. This initiative seeks to probe origins of high energy cosmic rays and their acceleration mechanisms, and open a new window for probing fundamental physics over astronomical baselines. TRIDENT utilizes an innovative non-uniform detector geometry based on Penrose tiling and hybrid digital optical modules (hDOMs), achieving a large instrumented volume and significantly improving angular resolution, energy resolution, and neutrino flavor identification efficiency. TRIDENT expects to observe the IceCube steady source candidate NGC 1068 with 5σ significance within 1 year of operation, and enable the rapid discovery of multiple astrophysical neutrino sources. The TRIDENT team has successfully completed site selection in the South China Sea, developed core technologies, and established deep-sea deployment strategies, demonstrating readiness for large-scale construction. We recommend initiating the construction of neutrino telescope in South China Sea during China’s 15th Five-Year Plan period. This will allow China to seize a strategic opportunities for major breakthroughs in neutrino astronomy.

This paper reviews the highlights and key mission advances in global space science and deep space exploration during 2025. It focuses on breakthroughs such as the revolutionary discoveries made by the James Webb Space Telescope regarding the early universe and exoplanet atmospheric characterization; major revelations about solar activity mechanisms from solar probes such as Solar Orbiter; the decoding of the evolutionary history of the lunar farside through samples returned by Chang'e−6; and the in−depth application of artificial intelligence in exoplanet search and space weather forecasting. In 2025, China has steadily advanced its crewed lunar exploration program, conducted high−level in−orbit experiments on its space station, achieved a series of fruitful results from space science satellites, and taken a leading role in the world in comprehensive space−environment ground−based monitoring through the Meridian Project. By continuously strengthening original innovation and core technology breakthroughs, China is joining the international community in shaping a new landscape for future space science and exploration.

In 2025, astronomical research achieved systematic progress across multiple fields, significantly expanding our understanding of the multi−level structure of the universe through advanced observational facilities and in−depth data analysis. In Galactic studies, LAMOST combined with Gaia data has produced a high−precision three−dimensional dust extinction map of the Milky Way and revealed a "superbubble" structure with a diameter exceeding one kiloparsec within the Milky Way's Perseus Arm. FAST captured a rare "pulsar − helium star" binary system and first revealed a complex filamentary network dominated by turbulence within a very−high−velocity neutral hydrogen cloud. In solar system exploration, the analysis of lunar far−side samples returned by Chang'e−6 revealed the water−poor nature of the lunar mantle, its extremely depleted isotopic composition, and the possible impact direction of the South Pole–Aitken basin, providing critical evidence for the asymmetric evolution of the Moon. In cosmology, DESI survey data, combined with supernova observations, provided an observational indication at the~3σ level for a possible time evolution in the dark energy equation of state. In time−domain astronomy, EP successfully captured X−ray precursors from high−redshift gamma−ray bursts and discovered new types of weak−jet supernova transients. Additionally, Gaia completed its mission and retired, leaving a valuable legacy; Euclid and Rubin Observatory released their first data, ushering in a new era; humanity welcomed its third interstellar visitor and conducted stereoscopic observations; JWST directly imaged a young planet; and EHT revealed the evolution of the polarization structure of the M87* black hole. These accomplishments reaffirm the power of astronomy's integrated exploration paradigm, characterized by ground−space synergy, multi−wavelength coverage, and the integration of time−domain monitoring with static mapping. They also lay a more solid foundation for understanding the formation and evolution of systems ranging from planetary scales to the cosmic scale.

The relentless pursuit of enhanced lithium-ion battery (LIB) performance is crucial for enabling the widespread adoption of new-energy vehicles, smart grids, and robust equipment for extreme environments. This review comprehensively surveys the key research advances from 2024 to 2025, focusing on five pivotal frontiers: boosting energy density, extending cycle life, expanding operational temperature windows, fortifying safety, and enabling efficient recycling. A notable paradigm shift is observed at the material level—spanning cathodes, electrolytes, anodes, and interfaces—where strategies have evolved from post hoc defect mitigation toward proactive, mechanism-driven design, and from single-property optimization to holistic multi-objective engineering. At the system level, the convergence of AI-assisted prediction, embedded smart sensing, and adaptive thermal management is revolutionizing the paradigm for full-lifecycle battery management and control. By critically examining the scientific principles and engineering approaches underpinning recent breakthroughs, this work offers a timely perspective and forward-looking analysis to guide the development of next-generation high-performance LIBs.

This study systematically reviews recent progress in emerging pollutants in water−solid environmental media. It focuses on the migration and transformation of emerging pollutants at key interfaces, such as wastewater−sludge, river−deposit, livestock manure treatment systems, heterogeneous Fenton systems, and wastewater pipelines. The environmental fate of these pollutants is governed by adsorption, distribution, and degradation processes. These processes are strongly influenced by the physicochemical properties of the pollutants and the characteristics of the surrounding media. Non−targeted analysis, molecular networking, and microfluidic−based detection technologies are essential for identifying and monitoring emerging pollutants. However, current research has limitations in understanding cross−media transport mechanisms, multi−pollutant interactions, and the linkage between detection methods and toxicity assessment. Future work should strengthen mechanistic studies and develop predictive models. This will support a shift from passive responses to proactive early warning and precise control. Ultimately, it can provide a solid scientific basis for environmental risk assessment and management.

Empowered by 5G−Advanced and generative AI, the extended reality (XR) industry will enter a period of large−scale implementation in 2025, with the Chinese market becoming the core growth engine, accounting for 29% of the global market share. This paper systematically summarizes its key progress: on the hardware side, domestically developed 5−nm dedicated spatial computing chips achieve pivotal breakthroughs in the balance between high performance and low power consumption. Meanwhile, differentiated advances in optical display technologies propel the upgrading of AR glasses toward both lightweight form factors and high−fidelity display, and multi−modal interaction technologies enables high−precision control. On the software side, the operating system has formed a dual pattern of "open−source+closed−source", and Generative AI increases 3D modeling efficiency by 6~10 times. On the application side, digital twins empower the entire processes of industry and medical care, while lightweight solutions for the lower−tier market achieve people's livelihood benefits. The study finds that the industry faces bottlenecks such as over 60% import dependence on core components and ecological fragmentation. Accordingly, suggestions are put forward: strengthening core technology research, unifying industry standards, adapting to diverse scenarios, and enhancing ecological support. The XR industry is evolving towards "hardware independence−software standardization−all−scenario application", and is expected to realize the leap from large−scale implementation to high−quality development.

In 2025, nuclear physics research has reached a critical juncture characterized by cross−scale, interdisciplinary integration. From exploring nucleon binding mechanisms, the nature of nuclear forces, and shell evolution, to simulating quark–gluon plasma under extreme temperatures and densities; from tracing the origins of heavy elements and the evolution of dense astrophysical matter, to testing weak interactions, fundamental symmetries, and quantum information applications—these fields highlight the key challenges in contemporary nuclear physics. These topics are not only widely discussed at the international forefront in nuclear physics but have also become important areas where Chinese scholars actively participate and contribute. This article provides an accessible review of representative achievements in 2025 across areas such as nuclear structure, heavy−ion collisions, nuclear astrophysics, and symmetry measurements, with a focus on high−level research involving Chinese teams. It also offers an outlook on the development trends in nuclear physics over the next decade.

Against the backdrop of the global transition toward green and low−carbon development, electrocatalytic synthesis technology utilizes renewable electricity to drive chemical reactions, offering a highly promising pathway for the direct synthesis of chemicals under mild conditions. By precisely regulating electrode potential to achieve high−selectivity synthesis, this approach combines the advantages of atom economy and low−carbon efficiency, positioning itself as a critical link between renewable energy and future intelligent manufacturing. In the context of the "dual carbon" goals, this review systematically summarizes key advances in the field of electrocatalytic synthesis over the past year. In terms of inorganic molecular conversion, it focuses on the interfacial microenvironment engineering and electrolyzer design for CO₂ reduction reaction, the exploration of novel catalysts and mechanisms for nitrogen reduction reaction, and the development of highly efficient and stable catalysts for water electrolysis toward hydrogen production. In the area of organic electrosynthesis, it covers mechanism−driven innovations and process intensification, including potential−mediated precise synthesis of aryl halides, green electrochemical synthesis of amino acids, and the upcycling of plastic waste and biomass−derived molecules. The coordinated development of electrocatalytic synthesis technology provides robust support for achieving the "dual carbon" goals and offers valuable references for future research directions in this field.

Triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) is an emerging platform technology for achieving electro−mechanical energy conversion, with great potential for applications in various fields such as artificial intelligence, the Internet of things, and high entropy energy. This article provides a brief overview of the latest strategies and methods to improve the output performance of TENG since 2025, including composite triboelectric dielectric materials, unlocking accumulated charges at interfaces, and constructing bipolar symmetric step-down converters. Additionally, it reviews the latest progress of TENG in the fields of micro/nano energy, self−powered sensors, blue energy, wearable electronics, contact−electro−catalysis, and engineering applications, so that more scientific and technological workers can understand the latest development trends of TENG and promote faster development in related fields.

This review synthesizes the progress and trends in global environmental science for the year 2025, based on research published in leading journals such as Nature, Science, and National Science Review. Current international environmental research is characterized by multi−scale interdisciplinary integration and technology−policy synergy. Key frontiers are identified, including the accounting of global biogeochemical cycles, attribution of extreme climate events, mechanisms of ecosystem functional responses, health effects of atmospheric pollution, and the design of carbon neutrality pathways. Significant breakthroughs have been reported in understanding carbon sink dynamics, data−driven prediction, and carbon emission reduction technologies. China has made prominent contributions in addressing complex local environmental issues and promoting green technology applications. Particularly in the fields of greenhouse gas accounting, PM_2.5 toxicity control, and sectoral decarbonization pathways, practical and distinctive "Chinese solutions" have been developed. However, gaps remain in leading global fundamental scientific inquiries and constructing major original theoretical systems. To advance China's environmental science research to the world forefront, future efforts should focus on deepening global collaborative observation, strengthening interdisciplinary integration, accelerating technology industrialization, and enhancing discourse power in environmental governance.

Hydrogeological intelligent computing represents an emerging scientific paradigm that integrates physical principles with artificial intelligence. An analysis of key 2025 research trends reveals that in core applied fields such as groundwater resource assessment, mine water hazard prevention, and contaminant transport remediation, hydrogeology is transitioning from traditional data−driven approaches toward physics−informed fusion. This shift moves beyond isolated technological breakthroughs toward constructing a comprehensive technical system encompassing "data sensing, knowledge extraction, and simulation−driven decision−making". Although challenges remain in mechanism modeling, data quality, and standardization, intelligent computing has significantly enhanced prediction accuracy and decision reliability in complex scenarios such as groundwater flow simulation and surface–subsurface water coupling. Looking ahead to 2026, deeper integration of artificial intelligence and large−scale models into mechanistic research is expected to enable more accurate, interpretable, and trustworthy intelligent simulation systems and early−warning decision−support frameworks.

Emotional Intelligence (EI) refers to an individual's ability to recognize, comprehend, regulate, and apply emotional information. In recent years, with the rapid advancement of affective computing technologies, emotion−enabled health monitoring and intervention have evolved into one of the core issues in the field of public health. This article systematically reviews research progress in key areas—including multimodal emotion recognition, psychological frameworks based on large models, digital emotion regulation interventions, and AI virtual agents—along with their specialized applications in mental health. Furthermore, it discusses current challenges. Specific challenges include: group differences and recognition accuracy issues, ethical and efficacy concerns in AI−based psychological interventions, and emotional data privacy and governance challenges. Future directions are proposed, such as advancing multimodal emotional reasoning and planning, promoting standardized diagnosis and treatment alongside personalized in−home support, and establishing an ethical framework centered on data governance and regulation.

In 2025, unmanned aerial vehicle technology will develop in directions such as intelligence, autonomy, systemaltization, and low−cost becoming the core driving force for the large−scale application of low−altitude economy and the construction of a global intelligent airspace system. This paper systematically elaborates on the development trends of unmanned aerial vehicle technology in 2025 from multiple dimensions including unmanned aerial vehicle technology innovation, key unmanned aerial vehicle technologies, unmanned aerial vehicle application verification, anti−unmanned aerial vehicle tactics, and unmanned aerial vehicle management policies. At the critical stage of the global implementation of low−altitude economy on a large scale, the optimization of communication networking efficiency, the intelligent collaboration of heterogeneous platforms, and the construction of a secure and trustworthy airspace system have become the forefront of global technological competition and jointly promote the formation of a new ecosystem of the unmanned aerial vehicle industry where humans, machines, and objects are integrated. In the future, unmanned aerial vehicles will be driven by distributed collaboration and based on intelligent safe airspace, continuously injecting strong new technological impetus for the high−quality development and digital transformation of the low−altitude economy.

Artificial intelligence (AI) is profoundly transforming the paradigms and methodologies of advanced materials research and development. This review systematically examines cutting−edge advances in AI applications across materials composition/structure design, property prediction, synthesis optimization, and industrial implementation. By integrating data−driven approaches, physics−informed modeling, and autonomous experimental systems, AI has enabled high−accuracy cross−scale performance prediction, inverse design of materials with extreme properties, intelligent optimization of synthesis processes, and non−destructive defect detection, significantly accelerating development cycles while overcoming performance bottlenecks. The work highlights breakthroughs in representative case studies including high−throughput screening of stable crystals, targeted development of radiative cooling materials, and optimization of electrolytes for high−voltage batteries, while elucidating how techniques such as few−shot learning, transfer learning, and physics−constrained algorithms address challenges in data scarcity and multiscale modeling. Looking forward, the synergistic convergence of AI with quantum computing and generative design will propel materials innovation toward an accelerated transition to advanced paradigms characterized by data−driven workflows, autonomous decision−making, and intelligent iteration.

Artificial intelligence (AI) technology is profoundly transforming the research paradigms in the field of materials science, driving the analysis methods for material microstructures to shift from traditional human−experience−dominated approaches to data−driven intelligent recognition. AI−based microstructure recognition and quantification, characterized by high accuracy and efficiency, have significantly advanced the development of high−throughput microstructure analysis techniques. This review focuses on the emerging field of AI−assisted microstructure analysis of metallic materials. Following the development from qualitative analysis toward refined quantitative analysis of microstructures, it systematically summarizes the research progress in traditional machine learning algorithms, deep learning−based classification, object detection, and semantic segmentation algorithms for the classification, recognition, and quantification of metallic material microstructures. Particular emphasis is placed on the current state of widely adopted semantic segmentation algorithms. Meanwhile, addressing the challenges faced by semantic segmentation in this domain, such as high microstructural complexity and limited annotated samples, the innovative strategies proposed by researchers in data augmentation and model architecture improvements, along with their enhanced performance, are discussed. Finally, the existing limitations and future directions of AI−based microstructure analysis methods are summarized and outlooked.

Dual−phase steel with improved formability (DH steel) is developed as an evolution of conventional dual−phase steel (DP steel) to meet the increased ductility requirements associated with the fabrication of complex−shaped automotive components. Currently, DH steel with a tensile strength of 980 MPa has reached mass production, while the development of DH steel with a tensile strength of 1180 MPa has attracted significant research interest. In this study, a performance−driven machine learning methodology was employed to design the chemical composition and processing parameters of 1180 MPa−grade DH steel. Additionally, interpretable machine learning techniques were used to elucidate the fundamental relationships between the microstructural characteristics and mechanical properties. Initially, leveraging data extracted from the literature, a composition and process−performance predictive model was developed using a neural network algorithm. Subsequently, a multi−objective genetic algorithm was implemented to efficiently design the chemical composition of the novel DH steel. Following this, based on orthogonal experimental data concerning the processing parameters of the newly designed DH steel, a random forest algorithm was applied to construct predictive models for tensile strength and fracture elongation, with processing parameters serving as input variables. An optimized set of preparation process parameters was determined using a multi−objective genetic optimization algorithm. The resulting parameters are as follows: a coiling temperature of 510°C, an annealing temperature of 860°C, an annealing duration of 160 s, a slow cooling temperature of 715°C, an over−aging temperature of 340°C, and an over−aging duration of 110 s. The resulting DH steel demonstrated an exceptional balance between strength and ductility, achieving a tensile strength of 1214 MPa and an elongation after fracture (A₈₀) of 15.5%. Finally, SHAP analysis was conducted to reveal the influence patterns of microstructural features on mechanical performance, thereby providing theoretical insights to guide the design and microstructure−performance optimization of advanced high−strength steels.

With the continuous advancement of technologies in data acquisition, deep learning, and model generation, data−driven methods have provided a powerful tool for predicting the properties of fiber−reinforced composites, leveraging their unique advantages in uncovering high−dimensional nonlinear relationships, constructing surrogate models, and processing multimodal data. This review systematically reviews recent progress in this field, categorizing digital characterization methods into four types: collection of intrinsic material parameters, image−driven feature extraction, physics−informed feature engineering, and cross−scale data−driven techniques. It summarizes the modeling strategies and prediction accuracy of data−driven models in predicting the mechanical, thermal, acoustic, and electrical properties of composites. The engineering significance of interpretability analysis and uncertainty quantification techniques is elaborated, highlighting their roles in enhancing model transparency and quantifying prediction risks. This review aims to provide a comprehensive perspective—from theoretical foundations to engineering applications—for the deeper application of data−driven methods in predicting the properties of composites.

China's pharmaceutical industry has made remarkable progress in development, yet it also faces significant challenges in technological innovation and industrial upgrading. This paper provides a systematic overview of the technological architecture underlying synthetic biomanufacturing, highlighting its core advantages grounded in the use of renewable feedstocks, environmentally benign processes, and superior atom economy. On this basis, the paper offers an in−depth discussion of the innovative applications and recent advancements of synthetic biomanufacturing in the synthesis of chemical active pharmaceutical ingredients, bioactive constituents of modernized traditional Chinese medicine, and macromolecular therapeutics including proteins and antibodies. Despite its promising outlook, the field still faces key constraints such as suboptimal technology translation efficiency, barriers to interdisciplinary integration, and limited end−to−end process consolidation across the value chain. To overcome these limitations, it is imperative to strengthen AI−enabled enzyme engineering and metabolic pathway optimization, while promoting deeper convergence with materials science, chemical engineering, and related disciplines to establish next−generation biomanufacturing platforms. In conclusion, synthetic biomanufacturing represents both a strategic driver and an indispensable pathway for advancing China's pharmaceutical industry toward greater precision, efficiency, and intelligence, thereby reinforcing its global competitiveness.

The biopharmaceuticals have diverse types, complex sources, low contents, and variable structures. Separation and purification are the core of biopharmaceutical manufacturing. This article first elaborates on the main methods in the purification of biopharmaceuticals and the challenges currently faced. Secondly, it analyzes the limited types of marketed chromatography media and equipment, as well as the low domestication level, which makes it difficult to meet the requirements for efficient biopharmaceuticals manufacturing. It then introduces the key progress made in the development of new−generation chromatography media and efficient separation equipment, including media with uniform−sized media, superporous media, high−capacity media, media with controllable surface properties, mixed−mode media, affinity media, and porous membrane media, as well as continuous flow chromatography, anti−pollution membrane components, reaction and separation coupled systems, and separation and detection coupled systems. It also covers the establishment of relevant quality standards. Finally, it proposes suggestions for the future development of advanced chromatography media and integrated equipment, namely expanding the separation mechanisms, forming an innovative material and equipment cluster, strengthening the multiple synergies between efficient chromatography media and equipment and major and frontier biopharmaceuticals, overcoming core technical difficulties and obstacles in the industrial chain development, highlighting the key points of domestication, greenness, and intelligence in industrialization development.

Amidst the deep integration of technological revolution and industrial transformation, food biomanufacturing, powered by synthetic biology, is reconstructing the production paradigms of the food industry through cutting−edge approaches such as precision gene editing, AI−assisted enzyme engineering, and intelligent fermentation. This review systematically summarizes recent advances in the bio−manufacturing of fundamental ingredients such as proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids, as well as food additives including colorants, sweeteners, and acidulants. It highlights the potential of microbial proteins, artificial starch, and functional lipids in enhancing production efficiency and reducing environmental impacts. However, several technical bottlenecks remain, including challenges in texture and flavor modulation of proteins, high costs in scale−up production, and the lack of comprehensive safety evaluation systems. To address these challenges, we propose strengthening AI−driven strain design, developing efficient carbon−fixing chassis cells, and establishing standardized nutrition and safety assessment frameworks to accelerate industrial translation. In conclusion, food bio−manufacturing holds promise for restructuring the global food supply chain and paves the way toward a green, efficient, and sustainable food system.

Renewable energy−driven biological conversion of carbon dioxide (CO₂) represents an emerging carbon−neutral technology integrating clean energy with biotechnology. By harnessing energy from renewable sources such as solar power and green electricity, this approach drives microbial or enzyme−catalyzed systems to convert CO₂ into high−value chemicals, fuels, materials etc., which demonstrates significant potential. This paper reviews CO₂ bioconversion pathways driven by clean energy sources including solar energy, green electricity (photovoltaic, wind, etc.), and geothermal/biomass energy. It summarizes progress and key case studies on achieving CO₂ bioconversion through various critical technological approaches: nature−artificial hybrid systems, photoelectrochemical microbial coupling, microbial electrochemistry, and enzyme−electrocatalysis. Research indicates that despite continuous breakthroughs in enhancing carbon fixation efficiency and expanding product diversity, core challenges persist, including low energy transfer efficiency, limitations of natural carbon fixation pathways, complex metabolic network regulation, and low product yields. Consequently, this paper recommends that future research focus on designing efficient bio−abiotic interfaces, developing dynamic metabolic regulation strategies, and innovating low−energy, high−economic−value integrated technological processes. The review demonstrates that optimizing carbon fixation pathways and carbon flow direction to establish a sustainable "renewable energy−carbon conversion−high−value products" industrial chain enables the transformation of CO₂ into high−value chemicals. This approach synergistically advances carbon reduction, pollution mitigation, green growth, and carbon neutrality development.

To achieve the "Dual Carbon" goals, industrial biomanufacturing must transits toward green sustainability. Bottlenecks such as high−water consumption, sterilization energy demands, and discontinuous processes have driven the development of next generation biomanufacturing centered on extremophiles (e.g., Halomonas spp.). Their non−sterile open fermentation significantly reduces energy consumption and operational costs. This review highlights Halomonas bluephagenesis as a chassis strain: Through synthetic biology approaches—including the development of specific genetic regulatory tools, optimization of gene editing, accelerated evolution methods, metabolic pathway and cell morphology engineering, Halomonas bluephagenesis has been successfully constructed into an efficient platform. It can utilize diverse and low−cost waste carbon sources (e.g., starch, cellulose, acetate, food wastes) to synthesize biodegradable bioplastics (PHA), high−value small molecules, amino acids, and proteins. Future efforts should focus on developing more versatile synthetic biology toolkits, enhancing the robustness of large−scale fermentation processes, and improving the integration between carbon source pretreatment and process engineering. In conclusion, next generation Halomonas−based biomanufacturing, leveraging the combined advantages of extreme contamination−resistant chassis+synthetic biology tools+process simplification, effectively overcomes inherent limitations of traditional methods. Its significant economic efficiency and environmental compatibility provide crucial support for building a green, sustainable biomanufacturing system and realizing the dual carbon goals.

With China's "Dual Carbon" goals (carbon peaking by 2030 and carbon neutrality by 2060) entering a critical implementation window, the next five years represent a decisive phase for determining the success of this transition. As one of the core supports of clean energy systems, electrochemical energy technology is witnessing unprecedented development opportunities. Based on the latest policy orientations and technological trends, this study analyzes the current status, target pathways, and strategic actions for electrochemical energy storage and conversion against the "countdown" backdrop of the Dual Carbon initiative. Against the escalating global climate crisis and growing energy security concerns, clean energy has emerged as a central direction for the worldwide energy transition. The development of clean energy not only helps reduce dependence on fossil fuels and cut greenhouse gas emissions but also promotes the diversification of energy mix and enhances energy security. Consequently, the clean energy sector is facing new development opportunities and challenges. This study aims to provide a systematic exploration of the development status, technological innovations, market trends, and application prospects across five key areas: electrocatalysis, solar cells, fuel cells, lithium batteries, and bioenergy, thereby offering insights to support the further deployment and sustainable development of clean energy.

The dual pressures of urbanization and climate change are intensifying the urban heat island effect, carbon emissions, and air pollution, posing significant challenges to environmental sustainability and urban livability. As the demand for multiobjective coordinated management of urban ecological environments continues to increase, integrating heat, carbon, and pollution into a unified framework for comprehensive assessment has become a key direction for future urban planning and policy−making. This article systematically compares and analyzes the consistency between global development agendas and the goals of reducing urban heat, carbon, and pollution, highlighting the significant potential and advantages of new−generation information technologies in intelligent optimization and coordinated scheduling, data fusion and analysis, real−time monitoring and feedback, and decision support and simulation. From the new perspective of urban spatial form, it comprehensively reviews the specific content, challenges, and future issues in conducting multi−scale, multi−dimensional "heat−carbon−pollution" multi−objective coordinated reduction planning. It provides innovative solutions for multi−objective coordinated management and sustainable development of "heat−carbon−pollution" in Chinese cities.

Hydrogen energy, recognized globally as a clean energy source, demonstrates significant potential in supporting climate commitments and energy transition. Driven by the "dual carbon" target, China's hydrogen energy industry has entered a rapid development phase. This paper focuses on emerging hydrogen energy application sectors, such as transportation, electricity, and construction. Relevant policies and cases from several developed countries in recent years are summarized. Current status and achievements of domestic hydrogen energy applications in the three sectors are reviewed and also some key issues. Finally, a development pathway for hydrogen energy which conforms to China's national conditions and some forward−looking recommendations are proposed. The purpose of this paper is to provide support for the steady development of hydrogen energy in China.

This paper systematically reviews the concept of green methanol fuel, and conducts a comparative analysis of the main manufacturing technology paths, emission reduction potential, as well as the advantages and disadvantages for the major routes, including the biomass path, the electricity−based path and the electricity−biomass coupling path, etc. We summarize the relevant policies on methanol fuel for the water transportation industry at the national and industry levels, clearly stating to promote the pilot application of methanol fuel in coastal and inland river vessels, and to accelerate the construction of methanol refueling stations, storage facilities and other supporting facilities. A review has been conducted of the current green methanol−related standards in China, including guidelines for methanol fuel for ships and group standards focusing on the evaluation of green methanol and the carbon footprint assessment of green methanol products. Related policies and standards are still in the initial stage. At the same time, based on the low−emission analysis platform LEAP, a comprehensive assessment model for carbon emissions prediction of China's water transportation industry is constructed to quantitatively calculate the total energy consumption and carbon emissions of China's water transportation industry in the medium and long term. It is estimated that the total energy consumption will be about 58~85 million tce, and the total emissions will decrease to 30~120 million tons CO₂. Based on the above analysis, suggestions for the future development of marine green methanol fuel industry in China are proposed, including: continuously tracking and deeply participating in the IMO’s negotiations on the net−zero framework and related rules construction; combining the internal and external water industry advantages to conduct in−depth quantitative research on the dual−carbon transformation path of the water industry; and taking the lead through trials and experiments, step by step to systematically promote the development of green methanol in China.