The numbers of extreme weather and climate events in many parts of the world are increasing due to climate change, and this phenomenon will become more frequent and severe. A complete and reliable climate observation series over long-time scale is an important basis for interpreting climate change and evaluating model simulation performance. It is also a reliable observation basis for deeply and systematically detecting the characteristics of global, regional or local extreme climate change and predicting the future trend of climate change. In this paper, some important research achievements are summarized, which have been recently made in construction of long-term climate observation series on global, regional and local scales at home and abroad. Several global surface temperature and precipitation climate datasets and their important values for the science of climate change are analyzed. Moreover, technologies and key scientific problems in constructing climate observation series over long-time scale that need to be improved and solved urgently are also discussed. Results indicate that some progress has been made in construction technology of climate observation series over long-time scale for supporting the development of climate change operations. However, there are still some main problems that need to be solved in view of the urgent need of data supply capacity under new situation, i. e., enriching the types of the observed elements, restoring the integrity of historical data, improving the quality of data products, and refining the spatial scale of the object and the temporal scale of the elements. Therefore, a scientific basis can be provided for further enhancing the application value of precious long-term climate observations in meteorological service guarantee and scientific and technological innovation in China.

Understanding the characteristics of wildfire spread is one of the important reference bases for wildfire prevention and fighting. According to whether the interaction between wildfire and atmosphere is considered, the simulation models of wildfire spread are divided into uncoupled models and coupled models. In this paper the current research status is analyzed, and the existing models are summarized in terms of the principles and assumptions on which the model is based, the model’s characteristics and applicable conditions, and the relevant research progress. It shows that uncoupled models mainly establish combustion models through approximations such as energy balance equations, combustion decomposition assumptions, or ignition experiments, using meteorological factors such as wind as initial conditions to drive fire models. Whereas in most coupled models, the relevant elements of the weather model and the fire model are fed back to their models at each time step, and the integration calculation is continuously cycled to achieve mutual coupling between the atmosphere and wildfire. Compared to uncoupled models, coupled models simulate wildfire spread more closely to the actual situation, especially for large wildfires.

Complex topography along with unevenly distributed precipitation and changes in climate pattern make mountainous regions railway in China vulnerable to water-related geological hazards and rainfall-induced floods. This study investigates the impact of global warming on the safe operation of railways by analyzing the spatial and temporal variations of precipitation, changes in precipitation level distributions, and variations in the threshold hours for rainfall alert levels. The findings are as follows: (1) In recent years, there has been a significant decrease in annual precipitation in southern Jiangnan and south China, while there has been a significant increase in precipitation in the eastern parts of northwest and the northeastern parts of southwest. Management Areas of Guangzhou, Nanchang and Nanning Railway Bureaus have the highest annual precipitation which shows a decreasing trend, while areas of Zhengzhou, Jinan, and Xi'an Bureaus show an increasing trend in annual precipitation. The strong East Asian summer monsoon and the northward shift of the subtropical high are the main causes of precipitation changes. (2) Shenyang Bureau shows the most significant increase in precipitation intensity, while Nanning Bureau shows the most significant decrease. The changes in precipitation intensity are mainly related to variations in typhoons and short-duration heavy rainfall. (3) From the perspective of precipitation level distribution, in the past five years there has been a decrease in the frequency of heavy precipitation occurrence in bureaus such as Urumqi and Lanzhou in the northwest region, while there has been an increase in the frequency of heavy precipitation occurrence in bureaus such as Nanchang and Chengdu in the southwest to Jiangnan region. (4) Guangdong, Hainan, the eastern parts of the southwest region, and the northeastern parts of North China to the southeastern parts of Northeast China are the three high-value areas for railway alert hours due to precipitation. The high-value area for speed restriction hours has narrowed down to the eastern parts of the southwest region, and the high-value area for closure hours has further narrowed down. Overall, under the background of climate change, there has been a significant decrease in precipitation in southern Jiangnan and South China, leading to a reduction in rainfall hours and railway patrol hours, a slight decrease in speed restriction hours, and a decrease in the alert pressure for railway precipitation control. On the other hand, there has been a significant increase in railway patrol hours in the eastern parts of the southwest region to the northeastern parts of Northeast China, with a noticeable increase in speed restriction and closure hours in the eastern parts of the southwest region. This has resulted in an enhancement of alert pressure for railway precipitation control, with Chengdu Bureau showing a significant increase in patrol hours, speed restriction hours, and closure hours.

Based on survey data and statistical analysis methods, the demands for agrometeorological services are studied by industries and users in terms of the key points of meteorological impact and meteorological service intervention points. The results show the followings, 1) there are significant differences in demand among different industries in the agricultural field. Planting production industry users focus on rainfall, temperature/accumulated temperature, soil moisture and drought. Aquaculture industry users focus on temperature, precipitation, water temperature/sea temperature, cold wave, atmospheric pressure and frozen rain and snow. Animal husbandry industry users have relatively low dependence on meteorological conditions, mainly focusing on temperature, rainfall and strong convective weather. 2) different industries in the agricultural field have high requirements for spatiotemporal refinement of meteorological service products, but there are significant differences among different users. 3) the overall demand of agriculture for conventional weather monitoring, forecasting and warning, professional meteorological monitoring, forecasting and warning, agrometeorological elements index forecasting and disaster impact assessment/resource assessment products exceed 92.6%. 4) agricultural users have a high demand for direct meteorological data connection, product services, system platforms and other product types, and generally hope to obtain meteorological service products through mobile APP/applet/official account, WeChat/QQ group and mobile SMS.