The fundamental solution to agricultural modernization lies in technology. Agricultural technological advancement plays a crucial role in ensuring China's food security and promoting long-term sustainable development of agriculture and national economy. By reviewing the history and social context of agricultural technological development in different stages since the founding of the People's Republic of China, it reveals that China's agricultural science and technology has experienced three periods, lagging behind others, catching-up and leading in certain areas. Furthermore, it analyzes the intrinsic characteristics of China’s agricultural science and technology, such as driving forces and nature, scope and object, and social demands. It also summarizes the main achievements and experiences of China’s agricultural sic-tech development, the most important of which is adhering to the leadership of the Communist Party of China, fully leveraging the advantages of China's socialist system with Chinese characteristics, and steadfastly promoting agricultural sci-tech innovation. Currently, Chinese agricultural science and technology faces complex "multidimensional" challenges, requiring adherence to the principles of green development and the strategy of revitalizing agriculture through quality improvement, with a focus on promoting agricultural sci-tech innovation.

Food security is an important foundation for national security. From 2012 to 2023, China's grain output increased by 13.59%, and generally the contribution of per unit yield improvement to grain production increase was much higher than that of area. Among them, the increase of rice and wheat production mainly relied on the increase of per unit yield, while the increase of corn and soybean production mainly came from the expansion of arable land; the output increase mainly relied on the increase of per unit yield in the main production areas and the production-marketing balance areas, while it relied on the expansion of arable land in the main marketing areas. At present, China's food security is faced with the challenges of stabilizing the farmland area and increasing per unit yield. On the one hand, because of the accelerated occupation of quality cultivated land due to urbanization, there is an obvious trend of "non-grain production of cultivated land and non-agricultural transformation", and the potential for development of cultivated land reserves is limited; on the other hand, the growth rate of grain yield per unit has gradually slowed down; in particular, there is a big gap in the yield per unit of corn and soybean between China and other countries such as the United States and Brazil. In the future, the construction of agricultural infrastructure should be speeded up to ensure stable yields despite drought or excessive rain; the breakthroughs of core key technology research should be made to further improve the agricultural science and technology; quality urbanization should be pursued to promote the sustainable development of agriculture; the cultivation of new agricultural operators should be accelerated to optimize the service technology system; the protection and utilization of cultivated land should be further strengthened, and the idle arable land and saline alkaline soil should be put into use again.

In the complex and turbulent international situation, the Chinese government attaches great importance to food security, steadily grasps grain production and supply, and continues to improve grain production capacity. Based on the theoretical logic of grain production capacity improvement, this paper clarifies the key role of technological progress in the future grain yield increase, and finds that China's grain production capacity improvement is limited by resources and environment. The non-parametric DEA method is adopted to decompose the total factor productivity (TFP) and to measure and calculate the technological progress bias which verifies the non-neutral technological progress of grain production and increasingly more obvious effect of biased technological progress in grain production in various regions. Therefore, it is necessary to improve the adaptability of regional factor endowments to technological progress to fully release the potential of grain production. At the same time, adhering to the guidance of scientific and technological innovation and implementing the strategy of“innovative application of agricultural technology to increase farmland productivity”across the board, the ability of agricultural science and technology innovation will be strengthened. In addition, with increased investment in biological breeding as well as in research and development of agricultural machinery and equipment, breakthroughs will be achieved in key technologies to fully stimulate the endogenous dynamics of biased technological progress in improving grain production capacity.

Taking China's provincial panel data from 2010 to 2021 as a sample, the entropy weight method is used to measure and calculate the agricultural science and technology innovation and the resilience of grain production system. In addition, the fixed effects model is also applied to analyze the impact of agricultural sci-tech innovation on the resilience of grain production and the mechanism of action. The study shows that agricultural sci-tech innovation significantly improves the resilience of the grain production with a positive spatial spillover effect. Heterogeneity analyses show that agricultural sci-tech innovation has a greater impact on the major grain-producing regions and central China than on the non-major grain-producing regions and east China. Further mechanism analysis indicates that agricultural sci-tech innovation promotes grain production resilience by reducing the amount of chemical fertilizer applied in agriculture, increasing the share of agricultural mechanized operation service personnel and the level of agricultural mechanization. Therefore, it is necessary to continuously strengthen the leading role of sci-tech innovation, accelerate the substitution of agricultural factors, promote the transformation to low-carbon and green agricultural industry, and guide the radiation of innovation and technological spillover, so as to give full play to the role of agricultural sci-tech innovation in enhancing the grain production resilience.

The grain industry, which is related to the national economy and the people’s livelihood, is an important industry. Promoting high-quality development of the grain industry though sci-tech innovation is the fundamental requirement for building a strong agricultural country of China and promoting Chinese path to modernization. Based on the new requirements of China’s new journey to modernization for the high-quality development of grain industry, this paper analyzes the theoretical mechanism and practical demands of the high-quality development of grain industry enabled by sci-tech innovation. It also analyzes the constraints of sci-tech innovation to empower high-quality development of the grain industry in China from three aspects, which are technology supply, technology support, and technology absorption. These constraints include the low efficiency of sci-tech innovation, and the need to strengthen sci-tech supply capacity; lack of collaborative innovation and insufficient technological support capabilities; the quality of the business entity is needs to be improved, and the ability to absorb technology needs to be strengthened. Focusing on four dimensions: top-level design, supply-demand linkage, integration and fusion, and guaranteed support, this paper analyzes the implementation mechanisms of sci-tech innovation empowering the high-quality development of grain industry. In other words, the top-level design mechanism is constructed as a scientific direction which will lead the highquality development of the grain industry empowered by sci-tech innovation; the supply-demand linkage mechanism will work as long-term driving force to stimulate sci-tech innovation and empower the high-quality development of the grain industry; the integration and fusion mechanism is built to enhance the practical effectiveness of sci-tech innovation in empowering the highquality development of the grain industry; the guaranteed support mechanism is to break the bottleneck of sci-tech innovation in empowering the high-quality development of the grain industry.

Ensuring food security and promoting the growth of the grain industry is an essential part of building a strong agricultural country of China and realizing rural revitalization, which requires the strong support of new quality productive forces represented by science and technology. In this paper, it reviews the big gap in the scientific and technological level of grain industry between China and developed countries and transnational grain merchants, and the reality China faced, including limited and scattered scientific research resources, the conversion rate of scientific research achievements to be improved, and the lack of follow-up services for the application of sci-tech achievements. In this regard, it proposes that the scientific and technological coordination of grain industry should be promoted at three levels, namely, coordination of sci-tech research and development at the national level, coordination of the application of sci-tech achievements at the provincial level and coordination of sci-tech services at the county level. Through the sci-tech coordination at these three levels, the optimal combination of existing scientific research resources and the efficient utilization of achievements will be improved, to form new quality productive forces accelerated by sci-tech achievements in the grain industry, and promote the construction of China as a strong agricultural country and the high-quality development of its grain industry.

This paper starts from the perspective of pollution reduction and carbon emission reduction, and deeply analyzes the realistic foundation of China's green and low-carbon food production, the main problems faced, and proposes optimization paths. The paper points out that the guidance and support of national policies, the improvement of technological progress and innovation capabilities, and the transformation of market demand are key to promoting the green and low-carbon development of food production. However, there are also issues such as the need for further clarification of policies, the need to strengthen the awareness and ability of producers to reduce pollution and carbon emissions, and technological bottlenecks. To address these issues, the paper proposes optimization strategies including the formulation of a pollution and carbon reduction roadmap, the cultivation of producers' awareness, the strengthening of technological innovation and promotion, and the establishment of a green and low-carbon value realization mechanism. These measures aim to provide theoretical and practical guidance for the green and low-carbon transformation and sustainable development of food production.

With the intensified global warming trend, frequent extreme climatic events have an increasingly significant impact on China's grain production. In 2023, China's grain production was severely impacted by extreme climate, resulting in nationwide output reduction, posing a serious threat to food security. In response to the frequent occurrence of extreme weather, seven countermeasures are proposed: adjusting the national agricultural layout, conducting research and development on crop breeding, constructing agricultural water conservancy facilities, optimizing soil quality, legislating to ensure green agricultural development, promoting agricultural financial services, and establishing an agricultural disaster early warning system. By juxtaposing these measures with the objectives outlined in the 14th Five-Year Plan for National Planting Industry Development, this article provides reference for crafting strategies to response future extreme climatic events in China. The core task for China's future grain production is enhancing long-term capabilities against various disasters and advocating further attention to the challenges of climate change posed on future agricultural production, to ensure secure and stable grain production.

Agriculture is not only a source of greenhouse gas emissions, but also an industry most vulnerable to climate change. To enhance the ability of farmers to adapt to climate change and minimize the adverse effects of climate change on agricultural production, it is necessary to promote the development of low-carbon agriculture and ensure grain security. Based on the current changes of agricultural climate resource, this article systematically summarizes the adaptive behaviors that farmers can adopt to reduce carbon emissions from two aspects: chemical fertilizer reduction such as improving fertilizer application methods, precision fertilization and diversified substitution and planting technology, such as guiding farmers to change planting maturity, adjusting crop and variety layout. Therefore, by actively guiding farmers to adopt fertilizer reduction technologies, encouraging farmers to adjust agricultural planting structures, and strengthening agricultural infrastructure construction, the carbon reduction, pollution reduction, green expansion, and growth will be promoted synergistically. Meanwhile, it is expected to provide reference for enriching research in the fields of climate change and adaptive behavior of farmers.

Science and technology support is indispensable to ensure food security. The European Union attaches great importance to research and innovation in food systems. The study of EU’s policies to support food system research and innovation can provide reference for the reform of China's policies to support food system research and innovation in its new development stage. In this paper, it reviews the historical evolution and framework of the EU's support policy for research and development innovation of food system, the fund structure, key support areas, and support characteristics. It also shows that the EU’s fund for research and development of food system comes from both the EU and its member states. Among them, the Framework Programmes provide funding support for research and development innovation. Food 2030 provides policy guidance; The research and development expenditure on food systems continues to increase, and shows a trend consistent with the priorities and paths of Food 2030; The fund focuses on the primary production sector and pays attention to research and development of basic projects, as well as the participation of small and medium-sized enterprises. Combining with the analysis of China's policies to support food system R&D innovation, it has made some policy recommendations, such as increasing R&D innovation funding support, establishing a multi-party participation mechanism to form policy synergy, improving basic R&D support, and focusing on transformation of market-side achievement.