China's science and technology development has entered a critical stage of tackling key challenges and therefore needs to strengthen original innovation. Basic research is the source of original scientific and technological innovation, yet at present China's basic research faces problems such as oversized research teams, homogenized research directions, a lack of core capabilities, and consequently insufficient capacity for original innovation. At the national level, this manifests as team research that is neither specialized nor distinctive and often duplicative, along with an overall pattern that runs counter to diversity. The resulting "resource−driven" research paradigm leads to inefficient use of research resources. As a result, the research ecosystem is degraded, hindering the cultivation and growth of original innovation. This paper argues that, in the realm of basic research, a "small but excellent" paradigm—characterized by small teams that each play to their unique strengths and researchers who are highly specialized and each bring distinctive expertise—has high value for original innovation. Under resource constraints, it can also preserve the overall diversity of national research and the security of the national science and technology chain. Delivering the core value of basic research through rigorous, specialized exploration and original breakthroughs requires each team to focus on a distinctive direction and cultivate it deeply, while team members build deep expertise and tackle hard problems through years of sustained effort. This approach helps foster diversity in the research ecosystem and enables efficient resource allocation, thereby ensuring the resilience of China's scientific and technological development in international competition.
At present, a new round of scientific and technological revolution and industrial transformation is advancing at an accelerated pace, with breakthroughs in cutting−edge fields reshaping the global landscape. The scientific and technological development of China during the 15th Five−Year Plan period is not only a crucial stage for itself to achieve the goal of building a world power in science and technology, but also will play an important role in the global pattern of scientific and technological development, exerting a significant and far−reaching impact on the world. How to accurately position itself in the complex and volatile international situation, make forward−looking plans, and scientifically map out the roadmap for scientific and technological development during the 15th Five−Year Plan period is a key issue that China must strive to address at present. In the next 5−10 years, China will face a complex situation where the intensification of strategic games among major powers, the acceleration of scientific and technological industrial transformation, and the arduous task of economic and social transformation are intertwined: science and technology have become the main battlefield of national strength competition, international cooperation has weakened, and security risks have risen; the frontiers of science and technology are advancing in depth, and disruptive technologies are intersecting and integrating, nurturing new industrial forms; China's economy is transforming towards high quality, and security risks in fields such as energy and food are prominent. The construction of a strong science and technology country during the 15th Five−Year Plan period should focus on six aspects: first, strengthen organized basic research; second, coordinate and strengthen the tackling of key core technologies; third, strengthen the dominant position of enterprises in innovation; fourth, promote the integrated development of education, science and technology, and talents; fifth, improve the ecological environment for scientific and technological innovation; sixth, strengthen open innovation and cooperation.
Based on the evolutionary law of the 50−year long−wave cycle of the world economy, this paper focuses on the core engine of the fifth long−wave cycle—the integrated circuit (IC) industry. It systematically sorts out the development history, current status of the industrial system, and global competitive pattern of China's IC industry from the "6th Five−Year Plan" to the "14th Five−Year Plan" periods. By analyzing the development achievements in key links such as electronic design automation (EDA), design, manufacturing, packaging and testing, equipment, materials, and memory, the paper identifies China's breakthroughs in chip autonomy in national security−related fields and the phased achievements of multiple enterprises ranking among the top 10 in relevant global fields. Meanwhile, it deeply analyzes the industry's existing problems, including homogeneous competition and internal friction caused by "small scale, dispersion, and weakness", lack of fault tolerance and trial−and−error mechanisms between upstream and downstream enterprises, imperfect data statistics and industrial standards, and insufficient transformation of "national efforts" into practical actions. Combined with the development trends of integrated circuits in the post−Moore era—extending Moore's Law, expanding Moore's Law, transcending Moore's Law, and enriching Moore's Law—the paper proposes that during the "15th Five−Year Plan" period, efforts should be made to build leading enterprises, improve coordination mechanisms, increase targeted investment, strengthen basic research, deepen international cooperation, and optimize talent training.
This paper outlines the strategic opportunities and challenges facing China's space science during the 15th Five−Year Plan period and analyzes the current development status in space science both domestically and internationally, highlighting gaps and shortcomings in China’s capabilities. Guided by the National Mid− and Long−term Plan for Space Science in China (2024−2050) as a blueprint, the paper elaborates on pathways to achieve transformative breakthroughs during the 15th Five−Year Plan by strengthening plan implementation, consolidating the talent foundation, breaking through payload technology bottlenecks, and fostering an ecosystem for original breakthroughs. The paper envisions breakthroughs in frontier areas such as cosmic origins, space weather, and exoplanet detection during this period, emphasizing the imperative to seize opportunities, leverage the advantages of the new nationwide system, and enhance strategic−tactical synergy. These efforts will accelerate the deployment of fundamental research in space science and deepen key technological studies. These efforts will tangibly address the "first and last mile" challenges in fostering major scientific achievements, and provide robust support for building China into a leading science and technology powerhouse while bolstering its position as a leading space nation.
The deep sea is not only a mystery of life and repository of resources, but also a critical element of national security, constituting a vital strategic domain for the sustainable development of humanity. To develop China into a strong maritime nation, it is imperative to advance into the deep sea. To this end, the 2025 Government Work Report has, for the first time, identified "deep−sea science and technology" as an emerging industry. This article highlights that, thanks to rapid advancements in "deep drilling, deep diving, and deep−sea networking" technologies, China has developed world−class capabilities in "deep−sea access, deep−sea exploration, and deep−sea development." Significant progress has been made in areas such as deep−sea drilling, deep−sea diving, and deep−sea observation networks. Notably, the "South China Sea Deep−Sea Research Initiative" has achieved breakthrough results, including the discovery of low−latitude drivers. In the future, exploration in the South China Sea will expand to the southern basin, and China’s deep−sea research will advance toward full−ocean−depth and all−sea−area investigations, promoting deeper integration between deep−sea and polar exploration.The deep sea holds abundant and valuable resources. Currently, China faces a historic opportunity to establish a "Chinese School" of Earth system science, starting from deep−sea research. It is essential to build upon the foundation of the South China Sea, broaden the perspective to the global ocean, accelerate the strategic development of deep−sea science and technology, foster new productive forces in deep−sea resource utilization, and promote the intelligent integration of "deep drilling, deep diving, and deep−sea networking" technologies with multidisciplinary collaboration. Leveraging new technologies such as big data and supporting technological innovations will provide crucial support for China’s goals of becoming a maritime power and a global leader in science and technology.
This paper expounds the necessity and feasibility of the application of hydrogen energy in aviation field, reviews the research and development history of hydrogen aviation power at home and abroad, looks forward to the development prospect of hydrogen aviation power, points out that the development of hydrogen aviation power needs the reconstruction of the whole industrial chain, the innovation of the whole chain, the whole process test and the establishment of a new national system, and puts forward some suggestions, such as firm confidence in promoting the development of hydrogen aviation, building a national strategic scientific and technological force of hydrogen aviation, building an innovative development ecology of hydrogen aviation, and implementing the national science and technology project of hydrogen aviation.
The global automotive industry is currently in a critical phase of deep transformation toward electrification, intelligence, and connectivity. By leveraging its first−mover advantage in new energy vehicles, China has been actively advancing the development of intelligent connected vehicles (ICVs) on the basis of electrification, establishing certain early advantages. This paper systematically reviews and compares domestic and international progress in key technological breakthroughs, the deployment of connected infrastructure, and large−scale demonstration applications. It summarizes China's leading edges in perception and decision−making systems, cloud−control basic platforms, testing environment development, and industrial implementation, while also identifying weaknesses in high−performance chips, vehicle operating systems, cross−domain standard coordination, and integrated security assurance. The analysis indicates that China's automotive industry needs to strengthen independent innovation in core technologies such as the vehicle–road–cloud integrated architecture and large−scale vehicle AI models, build a software–hardware decoupled, open, and collaborative industrial ecosystem, accelerate large−scale demonstration applications across multiple scenarios, and deepen high−level international cooperation. This paper clearly proposes a high−quality development pathway centered on the "deep integration of intelligence and connectivity," providing a systematic theoretical framework and policy insights for promoting the transformation and upgrading of China's automotive industry and building a world−leading automotive power.
High-energy neutrinos interact weakly with matter and are not deflected by magnetic fields during their propagation through the Universe, making them unique messengers for probing extreme astrophysical processes, unveiling the origin of high-energy cosmic rays, and advancing multi-messenger astronomy. The IceCube Neutrino Observatory has discovered astrophysical high-energy neutrinos and identified compelling evidence for neutrino emission from active galactic nuclei and the Galactic plane, marking the advent of neutrino astronomy. However, owing to limitations in detector volume, angular resolution, and neutrino flavor identification efficiency, the origins of high-energy neutrinos remain largely unresolved. As major developed nations are accelerating the construction of next-generation neutrino telescopes, Chinese scientists have proposed TRopIcal DEep-sea Neutrino Telescope (TRIDENT), a next-generation neutrino telescope in the South China Sea with significantly enhanced performance. TRIDENT aims to rapidly identify astrophysical neutrino sources and precisely measure neutrino flavor ratios. This initiative seeks to probe origins of high energy cosmic rays and their acceleration mechanisms, and open a new window for probing fundamental physics over astronomical baselines. TRIDENT utilizes an innovative non-uniform detector geometry based on Penrose tiling and hybrid digital optical modules (hDOMs), achieving a large instrumented volume and significantly improving angular resolution, energy resolution, and neutrino flavor identification efficiency. TRIDENT expects to observe the IceCube steady source candidate NGC 1068 with 5σ significance within 1 year of operation, and enable the rapid discovery of multiple astrophysical neutrino sources. The TRIDENT team has successfully completed site selection in the South China Sea, developed core technologies, and established deep-sea deployment strategies, demonstrating readiness for large-scale construction. We recommend initiating the construction of neutrino telescope in South China Sea during China’s 15th Five-Year Plan period. This will allow China to seize a strategic opportunities for major breakthroughs in neutrino astronomy.
At the critical stage of global low−carbon transition and climate governance, hydrogen energy, leveraging its zero−carbon properties and energy interconnection advantages, has emerged as a strategic cornerstone for addressing the "carbon neutrality" dilemma and driving the restructuring of the energy system. This paper focuses on the development of the hydrogen energy industry, elaborates on the urgency of energy transition against the backdrop of global warming, and clarifies hydrogen energy's core value in safeguarding energy security, promoting industrial upgrading, and boosting economic growth. It analyzes the development trends of the global and Chinese hydrogen energy industries, covering the strategic layouts of various countries, progress in renewable energy−based hydrogen production, as well as China's remarkable achievements in policy support, industrial scale expansion, application diversification, and price reduction. Furthermore, the paper examines the technical, economic, application−oriented, and policy−related bottlenecks confronting the industry, identifies significant development opportunities brought by technological breakthroughs, integrated development, policy dividends, and market demand, and proposes a development path for building a modern hydrogen energy industry system through technological innovation, management innovation, model innovation, and institutional innovation. The paper emphasizes that the hydrogen energy revolution is a protracted battle, requiring systematic layout, comprehensive utilization of renewable energy advantages, in−depth exploration of industrial application scenarios, improvement of market mechanisms, and accelerated efforts to make hydrogen energy a core engine driving energy transition, industrial upgrading, and high−quality economic and social development.
Qian Xuesen was an outstanding scientist renowned at home and abroad, and the founder of China's aerospace industry. Based on his lifelong adherence to the spiritual creed of "refusals" — refusing to be a slave of a conquered nation, refusing to be bound by conventions, refusing to fear admitting mistakes, refusing to covet fame and fortune, refusing to shy away from responsibilities, and refusing to tire of educating others — this paper sorts out his remarkable life stories: pursuing scientific dedication to the country as his lifelong mission, pioneering landmark theoretical achievements such as the Qian Xuesen Trajectory, Engineering Cybernetics and Systems Engineering, devoting himself to overcoming numerous key technical barriers, and discovering and nurturing top scientific and technological talents without being constrained by rigid conventions. With his lifelong endeavors, Qian Xuesen erected a dual monument of scientific accomplishments and moral integrity, providing an inexhaustible spiritual driving force for scientists and technicians in the new era to practice self−reliance and self−improvement in science and technology and contribute to the national rejuvenation.
