当今太阳物理学不再局限于研究太阳自身，已扩展到包含太阳-地球-行星际空间作为整体的结构和演化的科学领域。
This paper focuses on the developmental progression of robots evolving from "automation−autonomy" towards "selfhood" in technological evolution. Robots have undergone industrial automation and collaborative autonomy and are now advancing into the new generation of embodied intelligent robots characterized by a stage of "selfhood". Only with certain cognitive abilities and a sense of intelligent boundaries can robots serve humans more effectively. The connotations of automated, autonomous, and selfhood robot systems are discussed, key technologies of robot selfhood are analyzed, and the characteristics of the three different stages are compared. The journey toward robot "selfhood" still faces challenges including technical bottlenecks, pressures from ethical and social restructuring, and lagging legal frameworks. These challenges point to the evolutionary directions for the next decade. In terms of technological breakthroughs, neuro−symbolic fusion architectures are emerging; deepening application scenarios carry greater humanistic significance; the construction of embodied intelligence ecosystems is accelerating; governance mechanisms are evolving with promise; and the ultimate significance of robot selfhood lies in expanding the boundaries of intelligence. "Selfhood" is not only a technical breakthrough in robotics but also has profound implications for the future development relationship between robots and humans.
This article summarizes the observational characteristics of the solar magnetic activity cycle, as represented by sunspots, and explains that the interaction between the plasma flow and magnetic field inside the Sun is the fundamental cause of the periodic variation in solar magnetism. It outlines the physical basis of the solar magnetic activity cycle-namely, the magnetohydrodynamic dynamo process in which the poloidal and toroidal magnetic fields regenerate each other under the influence of plasma flows. The paper reviews recent progress in the Babcock–Leighton−type kinematic dynamo models and surface flux transport models based on observations, including advances in understanding the mechanism behind the equatorward migration of toroidal fields and the significant roles of stochasticity and nonlinearity in the evolution of the surface magnetic field. The importance of physics−based prediction of the solar activity cycle is highlighted in comparison with other forecasting approaches. The article also emphasizes the contributions and leading role of Chinese researchers in the field of solar cycle studies and points out key unresolved issues, such as the need for improved observations of the solar polar regions.
The Chinese Hα Solar Explorer (CHASE), dubbed "Xihe" – Goddess of the Sun, is China's first solar space mission for both scientific and technological experiments. Since its launch on October 14, 2021, it has been operating well in orbit with excellent scientific data quality. Based on a new type of satellite platform with ultra-high pointing accuracy and ultra-high stability, the Hα Imaging Spectrograph (HIS) onboard the CHASE mission has, for the first time in the world, achieved space-based spectroscopic observations in the solar Hα waveband. The pixel spectral resolution reaches~0.024 Å, the full-disk scanning time is~46 seconds, and the spatial resolution is~1.2 arcseconds. Using the high-quality data from CHASE, researchers have achieved a series of original scientific results in the dynamic processes of solar activities in the lower atmosphere, the formation, evolution, and eruption of solar filaments, as well as comparative studies of solar and stellar eruptions.
Kuafu-1, also known as the Advanced Space-based Solar Observatory (ASO-S), is China's first comprehensive solar exploration satellite. It was successfully launched on October 9, 2022, from the Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center. After nearly one year of in-orbit testing, the satellite was delivered to the Purple Mountain Observatory of the Chinese Academy of Sciences at the end of September 2023 and officially entered the scientific operation phase. This article summarizes in brief the preliminary observational research results achieved in less than one and a half years, up to February 2025, following the mission's delivery. Some findings are highlighted, including the pivotal role of magnetic cancellation in the dissipation of β-type sunspots, an exhaustive diagnostic on quasi-periodic pulsations (QPP) in flaring hard X-ray emissions, a joint analysis of dual-angle observed hard X-ray imagery, the features of white-light flares at 360 nm wavelength, Carriton maps in the Lyman-alpha (Lyα) band, and so on. In the future, by utilizing observation data from ASO-S and integrating it with data from other advanced solar observation satellites both domestically and internationally, joint research on multi-wavelength and even stereoscopic observations can be carried out. This is expected to yield significant progress in understanding the nature of and correlations between the "one magnetic field and two storms" (i.e., the solar magnetic field, solar flares, and coronal mass ejections).
A brief introduction is provided to the observational system of the 1-meter New Vacuum Solar Telescope (NVST) at Fuxian Lake, Chengjiang, operated by Yunnan Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Over the past decade, both domestic and international researchers have used NVST observational data to conduct outstanding scientific studies in several areas, including the observational characteristics and fine physical processes of magnetic reconnection, the structure, formation, and evolution of solar filaments, the fine structure and dynamic evolution of prominences, small-scale solar activities, fine physical processes of photospheric activities, as well as image processing and feature recognition methods. Prospects are also presented for the construction of large-aperture ground-based solar telescopes and the scientific issues they aim to address.
The paper introduces the growing trend of world solar radio researches and points out the importance and uniqueness of solar radio observations. The Mingantu Spectral Radioheliograph (MUSER) in China has been developed and constructed to image the solar atmosphere over continuous wide band radio spectrum in 3-D from the lower atmosphere up into the mid-corona to monitor solar activities. The results of solar radio bursts and multi-frequency (or 3-D) radio images are demonstrated, exhibiting the significant role of MUSER in solar physics and space weather studies.
During May 10-11, 2024, Solar Active Region (AR) 13664 experienced one of the most intense solar storm events since the Carrington Event of 1859, triggering a G5-level geomagnetic storm (Dst index reaching -412 nT) and global auroral displays. AR 13664 exhibited a dense and complex magnetic field distribution, accompanied by rapid magnetic field evolution and high activity such as abundant magnetic emergence, topological restructuring, and the generation of multiple flares and coronal mass ejections (CMEs). AR 13664 may represent a typical process of energy accumulation and release in intense solar eruptions, making it an ideal subject for studying magnetic complexity, energy storage and release mechanisms, and the causes of strong solar eruptions. This paper reviews current relevant research findings, focusing on multi-band observations, magnetohydrodynamic modeling, and nonlinear force-free field extrapolations, to reveal the full chain physical processes from magnetic flux emergence to near-Earth space responses of AR 13664. The research results around AR 13664 indicate: (1) the region exhibited an extremely high rate of magnetic flux emergence, peaking at 2.2×1022 Mx/day, rapidly forming a complex βγδ-type magnetic structure, with a total unsigned magnetic flux of up to 1.35×1023 Mx, laying the magnetic topological foundation for efficient energy storage; (2) magnetic topology analysis indicates that the energy release process is closely related to the evolution of quasi-separatrix layers (QSLs) and the development of multiple current sheets, revealing the energy release mechanism in local non-potential energy regions; (3) multi-stage magnetic shearing processes were clearly observed, showing the gradual formation of magnetic rope structures and enhanced instability, closely associated with subsequent eruptions of 12 X-class flares and multiple halo CMEs; (4) the associated CMEs exhibit large-scale trans-equatorial source structures and propagate swiftly through solar-terrestrial space. Some of these CMEs reach projected speeds surpassing 2000 km/s and showcase pronounced southward magnetic fields (with the North-south magnetic field Bz dropping to a minimum of -50 nT) at 1 AU. These characteristics lead to significant impacts on Earth's magnetosphere, instigating intense magnetic storms and disturbances in the ionosphere. These studies systematically depict the full chain evolution process of extreme space weather events from the solar source to near-Earth space, providing innovative insights into the triggering, energy accumulation, release, and propagation mechanisms of solar eruptions, and offering an important research foundation for establishing more accurate and predictable space weather models.
This article focuses on the triggering process of an X1.0 class flare that occurred on May 8, which is the first event in a series of solar eruptions related to the massive geomagnetic storm event on May 10-11, 2024. Multi-wavelength observations show that the solar source region of this event is composed of two closely-related active regions, AR 13668 and AR 13664. There are four filaments in the core area of the activity, and the corresponding high-temperature observations exhibit four sets of bright corona loops, corresponding to one twisted magnetic flux rope and three weakly twisted sheared magnetic arcades in the nonlinear force-free field model. The complex triggering process of X1.0 class flares is analyzed, and it is found that they are associated with the eruption of two M-class flares and two hot channels. The eruption of the hot channel HC1 during the first M-class flare provides favorable conditions for the fast rise of the hot channel HC2 after its formation, which in turn propels the fast rise of HC1. Eventually, the two hot channels merge and successfully erupt, forming a halo coronal mass ejections. The joint analysis of multi-wavelength observations and nonlinear force-free field shows that the formation of the hot channel HC2 is caused by the tether-cutting magnetic reconnection of two sheared magnetic arcades triggered by the magnetic flux cancellation. This process occurs during the second M-class flare, and the fast rise of the hot channel HC2 subsequently triggers the onset of the X1.0 class flare. The study reveals the complex triggering process of the first X-class solar flare related to the massive geomagnetic storm in 2024 May, which involves coupling between multiple flares and hot channel eruptions, deepening our understanding of the triggering process of extreme space weather events in the source region.
To address the issues of significant errors in minimum hop number selection and average hop distance estimation when applying the traditional DV-Hop localization algorithm in wireless sensor network nodes, an improved DV-Hop localization algorithm is proposed incorporating multi-communication radius hop optimization and hop distance weighted correction. Firstly, by dividing communication radius into hierarchical layers, the error in minimum hop number selection is reduced. Subsequently, the hop distance weighted method is implemented to further mitigate distance calculation errors between the anchor nodes and unknown nodes caused by irregular network topologies. Finally, the unknown nodes calculate their coordinates using the least squares method. MATLAB simulation results demonstrated that through these two-step improvements, the proposed DV-Hop algorithm achieves higher localization accuracy compared with the traditional DV-Hop algorithms and related methods across various simulated environments.
In order to improve the security of wireless public power systems, a solution based on high-dimensional twin-field quantum key distribution is proposed in this study. The scheme employs polarization and longitudinal momentum coupling for high-dimensional quantum coding of a single photon, which enables the photon to carry 2-bits of information and is subject to only one-sided channel attenuation. Simulation results show that compared with the traditional two-dimensional protocol, the security code rate of this protocol is improved by nearly an order of magnitude. Additionally, it has the capability to surpass the transmission distance limitations imposed by relay-free key rates, while the quantum bit error rate is only 0.04. This solution significantly improves the security of the wireless public power system, and provides a new option for reliable power transmission and data communication.
The sedimentary types of turbidite in the Binnan-Lijin area are diverse, making it difficult to predict effective reservoirs. Based on the development location, distance from the source and different flow states of turbidite, the types and sedimentary models of turbidite in the study area were summarized, and the favorable development areas of turbidite were predicted by 5D seismic data. The results indicate that there are four different sedimentary models of turbidite in study area: steep slope-near source-structural slope break type, steep slope-far source-turbidity current type, steep slope-far source-debris flow type and gentle slope-far source-turbidity current type, and there are differences in lithology, logging facies, seismic reflection characteristics and development location. Stacking seismic data along source direction can describe the distribution range of turbidite along the long axis, and stacking data vertically can describe the boundaries of turbidite along the short axis. The sum and product attributes of seismic data stacked in different azimuth can reflect the maximum range of turbidit, and the difference attribute can more clearly reflect the turbidite boundary.
This study uses SpaceX and the US government as examples. It looks at their cooperation in three areas: policy, where the government shapes SpaceX in many ways and SpaceX connects with government policies in multiple dimensions; technology, marked by comprehensive government support and SpaceX's contributions across various fields; and funding, involving three key government aids and three major returns from SpaceX. Based on the analysis findings, this study proposes multiple policy recommendations, including establishing appropriate cooperation platforms, piloting a contract outsourcing model, and strengthening collaboration between government and enterprise entities across the industrial chain. These recommendations aim to provide valuable insights and references for enhancing government?enterprise collaboration in China's aerospace sector.
In the relevant fields of chemistry, Professor Chen-Ho Tung is a respected senior scholar and a kind and gentle mentor to many people. This article describes the details of Professor Tung's interactions with his students and others, his work style, and his attitude towards scientific research, showcasing his caring for younger generations, rigorous scholarship, courage to innovate, and selfless dedication as a scientist.
