13 June 2021, Volume 39 Issue 11

    

Scientifc Comments
Exclusive: A new journey into space
Review
Papers
Scientifc Comments

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Scientifc Comments
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  Radio Telescope from Arecibo to FAST: A relay of the industrial revolution

  ZHANG Chengmin, CUI Xianghan, YANG Yiyan, WANG Dehua

  Science & Technology Review. 2021, 39(11): 9-15. https://doi.org/10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2021.11.001

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  The Arecibo 305m-aperture radio telescope was once the largest ground astronomical device in the world before the Five hundred meter Aperture Spherical radio Telescope (FAST) being built. The Arecibo created many foremost achievements, such as joining the Apollo moon-landing Project, discovering the first extraterrestrial planet, discovering the binary-pulsar system firstly and indirectly proving the existence of gravitational wave predicted by Einstein, measuring the rotation period of the mercury accurately, and investigating radio transmission characteristics of earth's ionosphere accurately by radar. This paper tries to explore the background and significance of the construction and major achievements of the Arecibo, and briefly introduces the success of FAST in engineering construction and discoveries of early scientific exploration. Furthermore, it compares the features of the two telescopes, so as to survey the progress of Chinese science and technology. In terms of the FAST successful construction and operation and from the perspective of sci-tech history, FAST, as the product of the fourth industrial revolution, indicates the advent of a new era in China.
Exclusive: A new journey into space
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  To start a new journey of interstellar exploration

  WANG Chi

  Science & Technology Review. 2021, 39(11): 16-20. https://doi.org/10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2021.11.002

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  This paper summarizes three definitions of the solar system boundary, i. e., planetary orbit boundary, heliospheric boundary and solar gravitational boundary, presents the difference between interplanetary space and interstellar space, and discusses the scientific objectives and key scientific problems of the solar system boundary exploration, which includes four missions,namely, exploration of no man's land, panoramic view of the heliosphere, sweeping of major planets, and archaeology of the solar system.
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  Human medical support in space exploration

  ZHU Xiangying, HUANG Dinghua

  Science & Technology Review. 2021, 39(11): 21-29. https://doi.org/10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2021.11.003

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  The oversea researches on human health and safety in space exploration have been focused on the physiological effects of weightlessness and their internal mechanisms for decades. A series of breakthroughs have been made in physiological effects and the mechanisms of diseases, including cardiovascular dysfunction, bone loss, muscle atrophy, space motion diseases, and microgravity enviroment. China's researches in this field started relatively late, however relevant researches have begn to accelerate gradually with the vigorous development of China's space exploration and manned spaceflight. Some gratifying progresses are made in some aspects such as space gravity physiology, astronaut medical supervision and medical insurance, physical and chemical regenerative environmental control and medical insurance, as well as space life science and biotechnology, which relate to space human safety and development. The special researches in molecular medicine are carried out for weightlessness bone loss. The therapeutic drugs are innovated for small nucleic acid molecules of microRNA-214, which successfully slow down the decline of osteogenic capacity and bone-loss rate caused by simulated weightlessness and aging. These breakthroughs provide important medical support for the human space exploration.
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  Current situation of outer space resources development and China's position

  TU Yi'nan

  Science & Technology Review. 2021, 39(11): 30-37. https://doi.org/10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2021.11.004

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  Development of outer space resources has great economic, technological and political significance. As a resourceconsuming country, a big mining country and an aerospace country, China should actively participate in outer space resources development and its international governance. This paper uses normative analysis, law, economics and political science methods to analyze the current situation of outer space resource development, points out the problems in current multilateral and unilateral governance mechanisms. Based on China's current economic development, industry interests and future strategic needs and by learning from similar resource development systems, the paper puts forward China's propositions on the outer space resource development, including actively participating in and leading international governance and timely promulgating relevant domestic policies and laws.
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  On the development of NASA's next generation flagship scientific mission WFIRST

  BAI Qingjiang, FAN Quanlin, SHI Peng, WEI Haiyan

  Science & Technology Review. 2021, 39(11): 38-45. https://doi.org/10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2021.11.005

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  As a space power, China hasn't launched a large-size mission driven by scientific objectives yet. For a case study, the paper investigates the development of NASA's next-generation astrophysics mission-wide field infrared survey telescope (WFISRT), a flagship/large-size mission. Despite that WFIRST has been confronted with cancellation in NASA FY budgets during the past few years, the project passed a critical programmatic and technical milestone in March 2020, and was given the official green light to begin hardware development and testing (Phase C). In the following May, NASA renamed the telescope after Nancy Grace Roman, i.e., Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope, which shows the mission's strong vitality. Roman Space Telescope aims to conduct dark energy research, exoplanet search and near-infrared survey, while demonstrating the coronagraph's technology for direct imaging of Earth-like exoplanets. WFIRST fits for the NASA's Vision and Mission, and will strengthen US leadership in space science, and its development somehow provides lessons learned about flagship missions.
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  Review and development perspective of the space launch and transportation system

  ZHU Xiongfeng, CHENG Hongwei, LIU Yang, LIU Ying, TAN Yuntao, ZHOU Chenghong

  Science & Technology Review. 2021, 39(11): 46-58. https://doi.org/10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2021.11.006

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  According to space launch and transportation systems of the world, history and current development are studied in this research. Comparisons of rockets, rocket engines and satellite launch centers are carried out, which yield the future development trend. Some perspectives are also brought forward. Entering the space with extreme-low cost will totally change the centennial development of the aerial transport. Remote and cross-domain transportation will break the transportation efficiency of the aerial transport over the world. Reusable earth-space transportation system will become a necessary choice to maintain space environment, such as cleaning space debris. Multiple orbit requirement of spacecraft will expedite diversity and multi-domain launch capacity of the space launch system. Domains where conventional space propulsion systems, e.g., hydrogen/oxygen, lox/methane, and LO2/RP-1 based engines, are applied will inevitably witness an revolution. The development trend and future perspectives of the space launch and transportation system will benefit researches in our country, such as choosing technical route, tackling critical techniques, engineering and so on.
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  Research on the development of hypersonic vehicle technology

  WANG Zaiduo, WANG Hui, DING Nan, ZHANG Jianing, HU Baopeng

  Science & Technology Review. 2021, 39(11): 59-67. https://doi.org/10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2021.11.007

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  Hypersonic vehicle technology, as a symbol of aerospace technology in the new century, has become a focus of attention in military and aerospace fields at home and abroad. This paper introduces the classification of hypersonic vehicles, analyzes the development route, overall plan and performance parameters of the mainstream hypersonic aircraft, and summarizes its technological characteristics. The characteristics and direction of technology development are analyzed in terms of aerodynamic design technology, hypersonic propulsion technology, hypersonic structure thermal protection technology and hypersonic guidance and control technology, which have important influences on the development of hypersonic vehicles. In addition, based on the model development and investment direction of foreign hypersonic vehicles, the development trend of hypersonic vehicle in the future is predicted, so as to provide guidance and reference for the related development research.
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  Training mode and characteristics of aerospace human resources in Russia

  JIA Xiaoqi, FAN Weiwei

  Science & Technology Review. 2021, 39(11): 68-76. https://doi.org/10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2021.11.008

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  Human resource has long been recognized as a key element in national economic and social development. Despite several rounds of western-imposed sanctions, Russia maintains global leadership in space industry by relying on strong scientific and technological strength accumulated during the Soviet era, continuous investment and support from government, especially the dedicated and high-quality engineer teams. Russia partly inherites an advanced training mode of aerospace human resource from the Soviet era, by rationally arranging higher education, building colleges with aerospace characteristics, promoting combined training mode of aerospace colleges and enterprises, and continuously improving the in-service education and training system. The establishment of a relatively mature and unique aerospace human resource training mode has laid a foundation for Russia to make continuous breakthroughs in aerospace.
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  Study on the transformation development of American polar orbiting meteorological satellite

  DU Zhitao, DU Xiaoyong, JIANG Mingbo, SUN Jiao, ZHANG Zhibiao, WANG Yang

  Science & Technology Review. 2021, 39(11): 77-83. https://doi.org/10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2021.11.009

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  Meteorological satellite is an important national basic and strategic space system. Especially in recent years, environmental problems have become increasingly severe, natural disasters have occurred frequently, and modern wars have put forward higher requirements for meteorological satellites in terms of accurate measurement of cloud conditions, ocean waves, atmospheric temperature, pressure, wind speed and other parameters. Although the polar-orbiting weather satellite system of the United States has achieved continuous global all-weather coverage by integrating the respective polar-orbiting weather satellite systems of DOD, NOAA, and EUMET, NOAA has been exploring the transformation and development of meteorological satellites, and has carried out a variety of transformation explorations such as new generation of satellite architecture research, pilot procurement of commercial meteorological satellite data, and research on key technologies of meteorological small satellites. This article reviews these transformation explorations to provide reference for the development of China's meteorological satellites.
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  On search methods of disruptive space technologies in Europe

  LIN Lijiao, SUN Jie, LI Youxuan, ZHAO Yong

  Science & Technology Review. 2021, 39(11): 84-95. https://doi.org/10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2021.11.010

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  The European project of search for disruptive space technology has attracted attention because of its systematic advantages. From the perspective of methodology the experience of this project can provide reference for the systematic study of disruptive technology in China. This paper studies the primary search and evaluation process of disruptive space technology in Europe, analyzes the theoretical basis, evaluation criteria and evaluation methods based on STEP framework, and introduces the technology roadmap of disruptive space technology. Through summarizing the experience of European disruptive space technology method system in theory, method and implementation, this paper draws enlightenment for China to promote its disruptive technology innovation, such as paying attention to the analysis of technology application scenarios, establishing expert resume information platform, constructing multi-source information support system, and strengthening the management of technology development planning.
Review
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  Research progress in novel high-temperature high entropy alloys

  LIANG Xiubing, WAN Yixing, MO Jinyong, ZHANG Zhibin, HU Zhenfeng, CHEN Yongxiong

  Science & Technology Review. 2021, 39(11): 96-108. https://doi.org/10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2021.11.011

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  High entropy alloy (HEA) is a novel metallic material that has emerged for 20 years. Its frontier research involves a multidisciplinary fusion of materials science, physics, chemistry, mechanics, and computational science. The high-temperature high entropy alloy, discovered in the last decade, is of great significance in the field of material science innovation development and engineering application. Affected by four effects including high entropy effect, lattice distortion effect, hysteresis diffusion effect, and cocktail effect, the high-temperature HEA has the characteristics of high strength, high hardness, high wear resistance, high-temperature resistance, and corrosion resistance. Herein, a series of recent scientific and technological achievements in high-temperature HEAs are reviewed in terms of definition, formation mechanism, material system design, and overall performance of high-temperature HEAs. Some problems are analyzed. The complexity of the extreme service environment and the correlation between material calculation design and high-temperature HEA performance are pointed out. Top ten scientific problems in the research are summarized. Finally, the future development trend and application prospects of hightemperature HEAs are presented.
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  Research status of engine air intake pressure control based on ESO

  ZHANG Song, BAI Keqiang, DAN Zhihong, QIAN Qiumeng, LIU Lei

  Science & Technology Review. 2021, 39(11): 109-117. https://doi.org/10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2021.11.012

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  Intake pressure control of high altitude platform is the key to ensure the effectiveness and reliability of high altitude simulation test. The design of intake pressure control method based on extended state observer (ESO) can effectively improve the control quality of intake pressure in high altitude platform simulation test, restrain the influence of unknown disturbance, and realize fast and stable control of intake pressure. In this paper, the development status of the intake pressure control system of high altitude platform is summarized, and the existing problems in research are pointed out. The research progress of the control technology based on ESO is systematically described. Parameter tuning methods and improved design methods of ESO are classified. The development strategy and research direction of ESO intake pressure control of high altitude platform are proposed.
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  Review of the thermal runaway characteristics of airborne lithium-ion batteries

  XIE Song, LI Minghao, GONG Yize, CHEN Xiantao

  Science & Technology Review. 2021, 39(11): 118-125. https://doi.org/10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2021.11.013

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  The thermal safety problem of lithium-ion batteries under aviation airborne conditions is a key factor that restricts their application in the aviation field. The related scientific issues are the research hotspots at home and abroad. This paper reviews the thermal runaway problem of lithium-ion batteries and their products in aviation application and transportation. Thermal runaway characteristics and mechanisms of the batteries under low temperature, low pressure and enclosed space conditions are presented. Thermal runaway behaviors and laws of the batteries are introduced from the five aspects:thermal runaway temperature, thermal runaway time, heat release rate, mass loss, and thermal runaway spreading law. It is proposed that future research should be focused on thermal runaway behaviors of lithium-ion batteries concerning the synergistic effect of low temperature and low pressure environments.
Papers
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  Study on silver azide micro-charge prepared by in situ method

  LI Mingyu, LIU Qiang, ZENG Qingxuan, WU Xingyu

  Science & Technology Review. 2021, 39(11): 126-130. https://doi.org/10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2021.11.014

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  In situ fabrication of silver azide micro-charge is investigated. Chemical precipitation method is employed to synthesize silver oxide nanoparticles. Silver azide is successfully fabricated by gas and solid phase in situ method using silver oxide nanoparticles as precursors. The effects of azidereacton time on microstructure and composition of silver azide are evaluated. Results show that silver azide is gradually synthesized in 1 h and that the increasing reaction time can promote the conversion of silver oxide nanoparticles to silver azide. Furthermore, the probe method is employed to measure the average velocity of flyer driven by silver azide micro-charge. Silver azide can be ignited by the Ni-Cr bridge wire and the average velocity of flyer is 2328 m·s_-1. Due to its excellent detonation ability and thermal stability, silver azide micro-charge has a favorable application prospect in MEMS.
Scientifc Comments
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  Discussion on the service mode for science and technology society to promote transfer and transformation of scientific and technological achievements

  CAO Yuhong, JING Bo

  Science & Technology Review. 2021, 39(11): 131-141. https://doi.org/10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2021.11.015

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  Transfer and transformation of scientific and technological achievements is an important engine to realize the strategy of innovation-driven development and improve national power. This paper summarizes the elements that support the transfer and transformation efficiently and smoothly, and sorts out the working process of scientific and technological societies which serve as a bridge for transfer and transformation of sci-tech achievements. Then, it discusses the main problems and countermeasures in transformation of sci-tech achievements. A full-cycle sci-tech achievement transformation service mode is suggested, which is based on the construction of a specialized "industry-university-research" integration platform and guaranteed by achievement information release and service.
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  Exploring the path for serving local high-quality development by the local scientific societies

  CHEN Ying, LI Yun, SUN Xiaobing

  Science & Technology Review. 2021, 39(11): 142-148. https://doi.org/10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2021.11.016

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  The high-quality development is the primary task of the local government departments, and the science and technology innovation is the initiative of the high-quality development. The local scientific societies are important forces in advancing the construction of a national innovation system, to integrate various innovative resources and elements such as the resources, the information, the technology, the research, the funding, and the talents. This paper explores the path for the local scientific societies to serve the local high-quality development by coordinating political elements, production, learning, research, funding and other resources, and proposes a way of how to promote the local independent innovation capability and the overall efficiency of the scientific and technological innovation from four aspects, i. e., the information flow, the resource sharing, the intelligence sharing, and the science and technology cooperation. Finally, we show the practice and experiences of Yangzhou computer association in serving the local high quality development.