28 June 2021, Volume 39 Issue 12

    

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Special to S&T Review
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  The Communist Party of China cares and values the scientific and technological workers and organizations

  WANG Kangyou, ZHU Yehua, LI Na

  Science & Technology Review. 2021, 39(12): 28-35. https://doi.org/10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2021.12.004

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  Since its founding 100 years ago, the Communist Party of China (CPC) has been supporting and relying on the scientific and technological progress, caring for scientific and technological talents, and leading the development of science and technology organizations. The Chinese scientists and the CPC have always been one heart and one mind to keep going forward under the guidance of a series of scientific principles and policies. The China Association for Science and Technology (CAST) serves as a bridge that links the CPC and the Chinese government to the country's science and technology community. In different historical periods, under the leadership of the CPC, CAST has made significant contributions to the prosperity and development of science and technology, to the popularization of science and technology among the public, to the emerging of large numbers of professional talents, and to the overall economic and social development in China.
Self-reliance of S&T
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  The important strategies for science and technology development in China in 70 Years

  Yuan Shuai, He Fei

  Science & Technology Review. 2021, 39(12): 36-44. https://doi.org/10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2021.12.005

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  According to the international political situation, the domestic economic and social development needs, and the revolution of science and technology, the Chinese communist party has implemented a series of major scientific and technological development strategies, including "the march to science" and the thesis of "science and technology is the first productive force", and has made remarkable achievements. The strategic principles have changed from "the imitation" to "the independent innovation". The strategic priority has changed from "the national defense and the heavy industry" to "the comprehensive, balanced and sustainable development of society". In the future, we should seize the historical opportunities, continue to respond to the "Four Orientations", to tackle the key and core technologies, build up a team of talents, improve the new innovation ecosystem, deepen the reform of systems and mechanisms for science and technology, and strive to become a major science center and innovation center in the world.
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  The history and experience of CCP's moral education since foundation

  LI Jiajin

  Science & Technology Review. 2021, 39(12): 45-50. https://doi.org/10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2021.12.006

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  In the hundred years since the founding of the Communist Party of China, the concept of the moral education has undergone five stages of evolution. In the revolutionary war years, cultivating the "revolutionary youth" with the communist consciousness is the primary concern for morality. Since the establishment of the higher education in Yan'an, the party's exploration of the connotation of morality and the way of fostering people began to take shape, with a moral form based on Marxism established, the traditional culture criticized and absorbed, and a practice-first education method adopted. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, the "red and professional" standard is gradually formed for educating people, and the policy of cultivating people was repeatedly adjusted between a practical goal and a theoretical one. After the reform and opening up, the Communist Party of China highly emphasized the education of ideals and beliefs, and at the same time opened the way of fostering people in the education modernization. Entering the new era, the connotation of Lide has been greatly adjusted on the basis of history, the status of the traditional culture has risen from the "historical heritage" to the "cultural gene", and the policy of fostering people has become more political and contemporary. This characteristic, which is inherited and developed with the times, is the source for the Communist Party of China to maintain the strong vitality of a Marxist party.
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  Revisit of the formulation and the implementation of the 12-year plan for scientific and technological development

  GUO Jinhai

  Science & Technology Review. 2021, 39(12): 51-64. https://doi.org/10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2021.12.007

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  This paper reviews the backgrounds of the formulation of the first comprehensive long-term plan for scientific and technological development in China, namely, the 12-year plan for scientific and technological development, including the formulation and the implementation of the plan. The plan was formulated and implemented under the leadership of Zhou Enlai, Chen Yi, Li Fuchun, Nie Rongzhen and other senior leaders of the CPC Central Committee. It was the crystallization of the scientific and technological cooperation between China and the Soviet Union. Its formulation work was completed in two stages., with the participation ofhundreds of scientists and nearly 100 Soviet experts. Members of the Academic Divisions of the Chinese Academy of Sciences were the backbone. The plan put the priority in the main tasks and proceeded with determination, as the policy of scientific development in China, and it was closely related with the needs of the national industry, agriculture, defense, and medical and health constructions. Its implementation had achieved remarkable results, effectively promoted the development of new China's science and technology and atomic energy, laid a solid foundation for new China's industrial and agricultural production and national defense construction. The plan set a good example for China's government to organize scientists to plan the science and technology. It was a historical monument for the Communist Party of China to govern China's science and technology.
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  Balance between “science” and “technology”: Deng Xiaoping and his thesis about the primary productive force

  ZHANG Jingfei, ZHANG Jiuchen

  Science & Technology Review. 2021, 39(12): 65-72. https://doi.org/10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2021.12.008

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  Both the science and the technology are the productive forces, but they affect the social production in different ways. How to balance the relationship between the science and the technology is an important issue for the decision-makers for the development of science and technology. In the early stage of the reform and the opening up, the socialist modernization is the focus of the Party and the country. Deng Xiaoping pointed out that "the key to the four modernizations is the modernization of science and technology", and put forward the famous thesis that "science and technology are the primary productive forces". Facing the huge gap of the scientific and technological level between China and the developed countries, Deng Xiaoping proposed the policy of making use of all advanced technologies and achievements in the world, to promote the international scientific and technological cooperation as the extension of the domestic science and technology policy, which fully reflects Deng Xiaoping's trade-off between the technology and the science. This paper analyzes some typical examples of science and technology as the first productive force, to appreciate the strategic choice of promoting both science and technology in the hope of understanding the current international scientific and technological cooperation and even the national science and technology policy.
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  Disaster relief history led by the Communist Party of China: Analysis of the institutional advantage

  CHEN Yinghua, CHEN An

  Science & Technology Review. 2021, 39(12): 73-81. https://doi.org/10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2021.12.009

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  During the past 100 years since its founding, the Communist Party of China led Chinese people in an arduous struggle against frequent natural disasters and achieved remarkable results. This paper analyzes the cognitive background of the Communist Party of China on the causes of disasters in the past hundred years and reviews the history of China's disaster relief system in the past hundred years. The institutional advantages of the Communist Party of China is evident in the disaster relief over the past century. The analyses indicate the following patterns:the counterpart assistance model, the civil-military integration model, the policy of putting the life in the first place, and the extensive international participation practices. Under the guidance of the Communist Party of China, China is experiencing a conceptual change from the disaster relief to the emergency management and then to the risk management. The technological disaster response for the diversified disasters would be more important. The socialist system with Chinese characteristics will become an inexhaustible source for the remarkable performance of the emergency management and the risk management in the future.
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  The development course and prospect of China's medical and health policy in the 100 years under the perspective of policy tools

  WANG Yanlong, LI Huiwen, YU Shuxin, ZHANG Ping

  Science & Technology Review. 2021, 39(12): 82-89. https://doi.org/10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2021.12.010

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  Based on the evaluation of the internal structure, the policy tool is used to make systematic quantitative analyses of the contents of the policy text, aiming to achieve the policy objectives of the analysis method. This paper constructs a two-dimensional framework of the "Policy Tools-Policy Objectives (X-Y Dimensions)" to analyze the policy text of the health policy. The data analysis shows that in the policy tools, the supply-oriented and the environmental-oriented policy tools are used more frequently. The infrastructural construction and the regulatory control account for the highest proportion in the internal structure while the demand-oriented policy tools account for the least proportion. In the policy objectives, the use of tools is focused on various stages of the health care history. During the 100 years'evolution after the founding of the Communist Party, the health care policy keeps to be people-oriented and progressive. The medical and health policy in the new era should adhere to the unity of the system's endogenous evolution and the consciousness construction, the unity of the overall layout of the policy and the gradual progress, and the unity of the pursuit of fairness and efficiency for the development goals.
Directions for S&T innovation
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  Experimental investigation of iron based superconductors and perspective of the superconductivity study in China

  WEN Haihu

  Science & Technology Review. 2021, 39(12): 90-94. https://doi.org/10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2021.12.011

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  Superconductivity is a novel phenomenon caused by the quantum condensation of large number of electrons in solid state materials, and it involves rich physics principles, including the quantum mechanics and with many potential applications. Superconductors enjoy properties of zero resistivity, perfect diamagnetism and macroscopic quantum phase coherence. Superconductivity can be applied in energy industry, communication, transport, medication, defense and large scale scientific equipment. The discovery of iron based superconductors is a typical example, where Chinese scientists have played essential roles. This can be said as a turning point of researches of superconductivity by Chinese scientists in the field of superconductivity. Since then the Chinese scientists have made many outstanding achievements in this field, furthermore, in many sub-directions of the field, they are gradually playing leading roles.
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  The development process of high energy physics in China and the enlightenment

  DING Zhaojun, ZHANG Peng

  Science & Technology Review. 2021, 39(12): 95-102. https://doi.org/10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2021.12.012

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  Over the past more than 70 years since the founding of the PRC, with the changes of the times and the national conditions, the scientific and technological policies of the CPC and the country have continued to improve. As an important part of the basic science, the high-energy physics has also been continuously developed in response to the tide of the times. This paper divides the development of China's high energy physics study into four stages in the chronological order, and discusses the role and the influence of science and technology policies on the development of the high energy physics in different stages based on the background of the times.
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  A century of China's seismological science and technology, basic experience and contemporary inspiration

  LI Changlong, GAO Mengtan

  Science & Technology Review. 2021, 39(12): 103-108. https://doi.org/10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2021.12.013

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  In the past 100 years, the development of China's seismological science and technology is a tortuous process, while having achieved extraordinary achievements. In different periods, China's major earthquakes and earthquake disasters have different characteristics, which could be used to guide the development of the earthquake science. National policies and major decisions have also played an important role in promoting the development of the seismological science and technology. The past 100 years can be divided into four stages and the development of China's seismological research is reviewed in each stage in this paper.
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  The development course, the characteristics and the trend of the macro-management system of Chinese museums

  YANG Yue

  Science & Technology Review. 2021, 39(12): 109-115. https://doi.org/10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2021.12.014

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  Since the establishment of new China, the macro-management system of Chinese museums, under the leadership of the Communist Party of China, has gone through four stages of adjustment, effectively promoting and strengthening the high-quality development of museums. The macro-management system of museums in China features the hierarchical territorial management, the multi-subject management, the multi-mode management, and the in-depth legal construction. In the new era, the integration of the cultural development and the tourism has become increasingly evident, the industry associations and the museum alliances have played a significant role, and the digital construction and the talent mechanism construction have become a new trend in the development of the museum macro management systems.
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  Development and prospect of industrial internet in China

  FU Yuhan, WANG Dan, CHAI Wen, WANG Qingyu

  Science & Technology Review. 2021, 39(12): 116-120. https://doi.org/10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2021.12.015

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  With the rise and the development of the new generation of the information technology represented by the Internet, the big data and the artificial intelligence, a transformation is taken place in China from the traditional industrial economy to the digital economy. In China, the strategy of the integration of two modernizations is actively promoted, showing evidently the advantages of the complete manufacturing industry, the independence and the integrity and the large scale. The traditional manufacturing industry goes from big to strong in the new wave of the technological revolution and the industrial reform, taking a historical leap from "a follow-up pattern" to "advancing side by side" and further to "a pattern in a leading place". The Internet is regarded as an important cornerstone of the fourth industrial revolution. In recent years, in China, the development and the updating of the industrial Internet are encouraged and supported, focusing on the use of the information technology to improve the total factor productivity. This paper analyzes the construction significance, the development path and the future outlook of the industrial Internet by reviewing the development process of the industrial Internet in China, in order to promote the information and the industrialization in a wider and deeper range.
Political core of S&T associations
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  Science & Technology Review. 2021, 39(12): 141-145. https://doi.org/10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2021.12.020

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