In 1958, Shanghai Automobile Assembly Plant successfully trial-produced the first car in Shanghai, the Phoenix brand car, creating the history of car manufacturing in Shanghai. It was a breakthrough in the development of Shanghai's automobile industry in the trial production of cars. Phoenix car was a special product of a specific era, and its research and development process reflected to a certain extent how social and environmental factors play a role in the development of science and technology. Combing the development process of Phoenix car can effectively discern the historical road opened up by the Shanghai car industry in four directions: technology, style, market positioning and professional cooperation, which has an enlightening effect on summarizing the experience of the times.

In recent years, the militarization process of artificial intelligence is developing rapidly with the complex and changeable international situation. Starting from the concept of artificial intelligence and its ethical risks, this paper lists the representative ethical issues in the development of military artificial intelligence both in domestic and abroad, including identification technology and moral judgment, responsibility attribution, and disaster caused by the artificial intelligence out of control. This paper analyzes the primary causes of the ethical risks arising from the militarization of artificial intelligence, and puts forward suggestions from three aspects: ensuring the bottom line of avoiding major human disasters caused by military artificial intelligence, continuously improving the accountability gap and technical vulnerability existing in military artificial intelligence, and striving to promote the active discussion of military artificial intelligence topics in the international community,so as to provide ethical review and reference for the application of artificial intelligence to the military.

This article summarizes the unique development process of amateur radio under the joint influence of technology policies and folk technology enthusiasts during the Republic of China period, and analyzes the contradiction between the desire of enthusiasts to carry out research smoothly and the government's science and technology policies that were full of skepticism and restrictions. It showcases a historical process during which the active measures taken by enthusiasts solved conflicts. It is concluded that in some special periods, there will be different scientific views between the folk academic circles and the political circles. When contradiction occurs, there will be a complex interaction between the important folk technological enthusiast groups and the government management. The former has the ability to feed back and coordinate against policy obstacles, so as to promote scientific and technological progress. This historical process also shows that only the science and technology policy of encouraging and standardizing can promote the good development of technological enthusiasm.

The victory of Deep Blue against Kasparov in 1997 and the victory of Alpha Dog over Lee Sedol in 2016 set off the trend of artificial intelligence, however, artificial intelligence still has so far a huge gap behind humans in terms of intelligence level and range of capabilities, which hinders its development. The reason is that there is an unbridgeable boundary between human intelligence and machine intelligence. In this context, machines that rely on symbols pointing to objects can only perform formal calculations in a closed environment but cannot realize intentional calculations in an open environment like humans. Therefore, the complementary advantages of man and machine are particularly important. The current relationship between man and machine is mainly a hard function allocation, whereas the relationship between man and machine in the future digital world would more likely be a flexible division of capabilities. This paper discusses in detail the bottlenecks of artificial intelligence, the first principle of intelligence, and other issues, and gives more in-depth thinking about human-machine problem amid these problems. It is proposed that human-machine hybrid intelligence is the future development direction of artificial intelligence.

The World Federation of Scientific Workers, which was founded in 1946, is a non-governmental organization initiated by the British Association of Scientific Workers and other groups. Its members are scientific workers' groups from eastern and western countries. Since the establishment of the WFSW, China has been an important member of it, and has experienced its establishment, development and decline. This article summarized the development history of the WFSW by analyzing the relevant reports and archives of People's Daily, analyzed the development of the relationship between China and the WFSW from 1949 to 1966, and discussed in detail the interaction between China and the WFSW during this period. Then the article pointed out that the WFSW was an important international platform for China to contact western capitalist countries and publicize the political stand of New China during the period from 1949 to 1966. The Chinese government and the scientific community are the important forces to promote the development and growth of the WFSW. At the same time, participating in a series of meetings of the WFSW is a typical case in which the Chinese government serves the country's diplomacy through international activities of the scientific community. Besides, it still has certain reference significance for the development of China's diplomatic work at present.

Based on literature analysis, history-logic-united dialectical method, and oral history method, this paper comprehensively analyzes the connotation of Bingzhi's scientific institution thought from four aspects: the significance of scientific institution, the system norms of science practice subjects, the effective operation of the organizational systems, and the external conditions for the function of scientific institution. Then it summarizes Bingzhi's practice and exploration in the institutionalization of modern biology in China by establishing educational institutions, research institutions, academic groups, and academic journals, and draws the conclusion of Bingzhi's spirit of looking to the world, taking root in China, thinking deeply and being brave in the practice of the institutionalization of modern biology in China. The realistic significance of this spirit for future scientific institutionalization in China was prospected.

As a focus of emerging strategic technologies attracting global attention, quantum information technology has made breakthroughs in the fields of quantum computing and quantum communication. From the perspective of the history of science, quantum information revolution is significantly different from the first quantum revolution that occurred in the 20th century in terms of principle and connotation, and it also has a more direct impact on the future development strategy for science and technology. This study introduces the development history of quantum information technology, analyzes the revolutionary characteristics of quantum information technology from multiple aspects, and summarizes the influence and enlightenment of the quantum information revolution on future technology strategies and scientific models.

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2022 was jointly awarded to Carolyn Ruth Bertozzi, Morten Meldal and Karl Barry Sharpless for the development of click chemistry and bioorthogonal chemistry. Sharpless has won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for the second time since 2001. This paper reviews his scientific research and achievements in the field of click chemistry, analyzes the characteristics of click chemistry, that is, simplicity and efficiency. Meanwhile, the paper points out that his research direction changing from chiral catalytic oxidation reaction to click chemistry reflects the scientific spirit of selfbreakthrough and never-ending and the interdisciplinarity of his study also reveals the way to cultivate innovative scientists.

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2022 was awarded to Svante Pääbo for his discoveries concerning the genomes of extinct hominins and human evolution. This paper reviews the long history of human origin and breakthrough development of biosequencing technology, combs the scientific research progress of Paabo's team, and clarifies the exploration road of ancient DNA and fruitful achievements. Pääbo and his team sequenced the entire genome of the extinct ancient human Neanderthal for the first time in the field of ancient DNA, and discovered the unknown ancient humans Denisovans. Pääbo's work provides a new evidence for the evolutionary genetics of humans. Pääbo's scientific research process of exploring gene flow in human evolution shows the serious spirit of science and the ideal ecology. Pääbo's scientific research achievements and ideas have realized the value of paleogenomics across disciplines and times and inspired us to further think about where humanity will go in the future.

This paper reviews Zhu Kezhen's role in building China's meteorological network and discusses the scientist's spirit that he displayed in the process. The analysis shows that as the founder of Chinese meteorology, Zhu Kezhen not only led the development of Chinese meteorology, but also infused the Chinese meteorological community with the spiritual motivation of serving the country with loyalty, working with diligence and precise, integrating leniency and strictness, seeking truth and dedicating to the common cause.

Mr. Gao Shiqi was a famous science writer of China. He devoted his whole life to science popularization and was praised by Premier Zhou Enlai "the representative of science popularization". This paper reviews his science writing career and summarizes the connotation of Marxism theory system of science literature and arts. This theory is precious for the current times.

After reading three original books focusing on academic integrity and ethics, and appreciating the viewpoints of the original authors, the author of this paper discusses the relationship between academic integrity and ethics, as well as the dilemmas and the dual nature of the academic ethics based on the perspective of scientists' values.

The third-generation vaccine technology represented by mRNA vaccine has played a important role in the fight against the novel coronavirus pneumonia (COVID-19). The technique of modifying mRNA with pseudouridine and its analogs developed by Katalin Karikó and Drew Weissman is the key basis for the successful development of mRNA vaccine. The scientific research road of the main pioneer of this technology, Katalin Karikó, and the research and development of the mRNA COVID-19 vaccines provide us with much food of thought. Karikó's success is inseparable from her firm belief in face of difficulties and the spirit of persistently and steadfastly engaging in basic research. One should pay more attention to the key role of basic research in promoting the source innovation.

The recombinant DNA technology was developed by a university laboratory in the U.S in 1972.The Recombinant DNA Advisory Committee (RAC) was established by the government of U.S in 1974 and played a significant role in regulating the risks of gene manipulation technology until 2019.With the ups and downs of RAC in the course of risk regulation of gene manipulation technology in the U.S,the technical risk regulation of gene manipulation technology in the U.S has gradually developed from infant to mature.This article depicts the roadmap for the RAC and its regulatory power to come into being,retrieves the contributions that RAC made to regulating the technical risks under the haze of gene manipulation technology risks with plenty doubts from government authorities,and presents the basic regulation of gene therapy in the United States.The article also narrates the critical event of the gene therapy,including the process of the first case with RAC's approval and the performance of RAC facing the first fatal case.

Great contributions in the field of fiber identification and analysis of ancient paper have been made by Wang Juhua,a well-known papermaking expert in China.Based on the dozens of papers published by her in the field of papermaking and two significant professional monographs,Papermaking Raw Materials of China and Their Micrographs and The Characteristics of Fibers,History of Papermaking Technology in Ancient China,this paper discusses Wang Juhua's achievements in the characteristics and process of papermaking raw materials,the research on academic issues related to the origin of papermaking,the analysis and identification of ancient paper and the research and development of papermaking fiber measuring instrument.The fiber testers of XWY series,which are developed and improved by Wang Juhua and her team,play an important role in fiber identification.

As an important event in the development of genetics,analysis of genetic code and perfection of genetic "central law" have been explored for a long time.By sorting out the historical facts of the discovery of genetic code and the establishment of life formula,this paper summarizes the analysis process of genetic code and restores the whole process of the development of life formula from linear structure to triangular structure.

This paper reviews the process how Shiing-Shen Chern spread modern mathematics in China. It is found that in the period of the Republic of China, he actively held mathematics discussion classes in Southwest Associated University, supervised graduate students of mathematics, and presided over the Central Institute of Mathematics. After the reform and opening up, he organized a series of "Double Micro" conferences, organized summer graduate workshops, carried out the "Chern Shiing-Shen Study Ahead Program", offered modern differential geometry courses at Peking University and founded the Nankai Research Institute of Mathematics, which demonstrated Chern Shiing-Shen's leading role and contribution in building China into a country strong in mathematics.

Foreign engineers played an important role in the development of steel industry in China in the late Qing Dynasty. This paper reviews the participation process of foreign engineers in the engineering construction, the technical guidance and the industrial production of China's iron and steel industry, focusing on the problems such as the way of introduction, the idea of employment and the level of appointment of foreign engineers, as well as the historical role of foreign engineers in the development of China's iron and steel industry. Through the analysis of historical data, this paper suggests that sending engineers was an important means of foreign countries to covet China's coal and steel resources and expand their interests. The multiple identities of foreign engineers in the late Qing Dynasty reflected the complexity of the relationship between China and foreign countries during the Westernization Movement.

The ability to perceive heat, cold and touch is the key to human adaptation to the environment. David Julius and Alden Pataptian won the 2021 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their discovery of the TRPV1, TRPM8 ion-protein channels and PIEZO genes, unveiling the ‘mystery’ of human temperature and touch receptors. By reviewing the growth experiences, scientific research activities and research results of the two scientists in the field of human perception, the advantages and disadvantages of "pain" to the human body are discussed, and the relationship between the application of new scientific instruments and basic scientific research is investigated.

The new era calls for building a world power in science and technology and promoting the self-reliance of highlevel science and technology, and higher requirements are put forward for the scientific and technological workers. It is necessary to carry forward the spirit of scientists and create new monuments of innovation and new spiritual characteristics. This paper reviews the development process of scientific spirit and scientist spirit, and analyzes the significance of carrying forward scientist spirit in the new era. In view of the problems and challenges faced by the multi-department promotion the communication system of the spirit of scientists, the work style and the study style construction and the micro-ecological construction of scientific community, four basic paths of carrying forward the spirit of scientists in the new era are proposed: perfecting the collaborative promotion mechanism of departments and institutions; improving the communication system of the spirit of scientists; establishing the bottom line requirements for the construction of work style and study style; and strengthening the micro-ecological construction of scientific community.

The first half of the 20th century is the pioneering period for the globalization of the Chinese natural science research. Based on a review of Chinese papers in the Science Citation Index during this period, this paper analyzes the characteristics of the globalization process with a historical reflections from an empirical perspective. It is shown that the scientists, the funds and the facilities are important factors for the scientific activities; the Matthew effect for the scientific institutions and the disciplines is remarkable; with the dominant idea of putting the emphasis on the technology rather than the science, the research hotspots are on the medicine, the biology, and the chemistry; the science center moves from Beijing to Yunnan in the turbulent times, which indicates that the talents are the most essential for the science, followed by other resources and conditions; and a high level of the international scientific cooperation in the initial stage is indispensable for the global scientific research. The unique history of the initial stage of the Chinese natural science research provides an important enlightenment for the progress of the science and the technology and the social development today.

Moral foundation theory deemes that human groups have constructed moral virtues, narratives and institutions based on at least five innate psychological foundations:care, fairness, loyalty, authority and sanctity. Moral values are reflected in the degree of endorsement of each moral foundation. In the context of the COVID-19 in China, to examine the changing trend of college students' moral values, the study used a moral foundations questionnaire to survey two groups of Chinese college students before (November 26-December 7, 2017), during (February 29-April 30, 2020) and after the COVID-19 outbreak (July 14-16, 2020). The results show that college students attached more importance to both individual foundations (care and fairness) and collective foundations (loyalty, authority and sanctity) after the COVID-19 outbreak than before. When the epidemic was basically under control, the college students'overall endorsement of individual and collective foundations did not immediately fall or rise significantly. The results suggest that compared with 2017, college students' endorsement of moral foundations had increased significantly after the outbreak of the epidemic; the reasons behind it need to be further explored.

2021年，中国林学会已经走过了整整104年的发展历程。筚路蓝缕，以启山林。中国林学会在内忧外患中诞生，在磨难挫折中成长，在攻坚克难中壮大。从最初的十几个成员，发展到今天拥有11万会员、50个分会的现代林业科技社团，中国林学会实现了一个又一个历史跨越，为中国林业事业做出了巨大的贡献。中国林学会的成立，标志着中国林学向近现代林学发展，是中国林业事业发展上新的里程碑。一百多年来，中国林学会始终坚持以“建设林业、服务祖国”为己任，与人民共命运，与时代同步伐，见证了中华民族从站起来、富起来到强起来的伟大飞跃。在新时代新征程中，中国林学会将继续谱写新一轮跨越腾飞的壮丽篇章。

Gilbert Newton Lewis is one of the great chemists of the 20th century. He is considered as the founder of the modern chemical thermodynamics according to his major contribution in developing the thermodynamic theories and applying them to real chemical systems, and his discovery of the covalent bond, and with that concept and that of the electron pairs, the modern theories of chemical bonding were developed. His concepts of acids and bases are another fundamental contribution to the chemistry. Lewis was nominated 41 times for the Nobel Prize in Chemistry without avail, as one of the many controversial inclusions and exclusions in the history of Nobel laureate selections. This paper reviews Lewis's life experiences and scientific achievements, especially, his scientific explorations.

Osborn Reynolds(1842-1912), a British Irish scientist of mechanics, made outstanding contributions to mechanics and engineering throughout his life. This paper reviews Osborne Reynolds's life, academic experience, and contributions to mechanics and engineering, and it is shown that many of his research results were inconspicuous at the time, but were, years later, found to be very important and provided an important basis in related fields.

There are some intrinsic connection between scientific spirit and craftsman's spirit, which can be summarized as "scientific soul and craftsman's heart". It occurs at the time when contemporary science and technology have deeply integrated while innovation of science and technology and ethics of science and technology serve as the key social links between the two kinds of spirit. During the process of cultivating "scientific soul and craftsman's heart", great importance should be attached to "responsible research and innovation" and making full use of such ideas as "unity between knowing and doing", "dominating technology by Dao" in China's outstanding traditional culture. The cultivation of "scientific soul and craftsman's heart" also needs to carry out education of scientific and technological ethics as a platform to extend the role of this cultivation, build a social atmosphere of advocating scientific and technological innovation and emphasizing ethics of science and technology, and offer the prerequisite for direction of public opinion and social governance.

Emmanuelle Marie Charpentier and Jennifer Anne Doudna were awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2020. The CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing technology, the "gene scissors", was jointly developed by the two female scientists. Due to its low cost and high ease, the CRISPR/Cas9 technology greatly promotes the development of the life sciences. The huge commercial value of this technology is also recognized by the society. This paper reviews the scientific researches of the two scientists, as well as the impact and the enlightenment of their results.

Theoretical thinking is the key question for science development. Compass and gunpowder belong to the four great inventions of ancient China, but from Tang dynasty to Qing dynasty, no any theoretical questions on compass and gunpowder were ever studied. This article lists a few incisive theoretical examples in modern chemistry to illustrate the very importance of theoretical questions. Perceptual knowledge needs to rise to rational knowledge that must be completely consistent with experimental facts. Any correct theory should grasp the essence of things. From philosophical opinion, practice is the first; however, theoretics have important instructive effects on new and follow-up practices. Therefore, the tree of rational theory is ever green.

In the manufacturing field, the precision is a difficult point. The breakthrough of the grade 1 precision of the superprecision gear in our country can be served as the typical example for its illustration. The ultra-precision gear for achieving transmission, speed change and direction change can be used as the transmission benchmark for the gear precision, and can also be used as a precision instrument to be installed in cutting-edge products and modern weapons. Due to the restriction of the technology transfer to our country by Western developed countries, Wang Liding, academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, with his team have successfully developed the grade 1 ultra-precision standard gear in the international standard in 1999 and mastered the core technology independently. Based on the interview with Wang Liding, this paper analyzes the evolution process of the super-precision gear from grade 4 to grade 2, and then to grade 1, to enrich the historical data of the development of the ultra-precision gear technology in China and to show the innovative spirit of the older generation of scientists in China.

In China, there have been a number of outstanding scientists who not only made scientific success but also had deep sense of social responsibility in such as the development of science, technology and education for the country and the nation. Beyond their professional researches, between science and society, they also left much rich intellectual heritage. From the perspective of "the asks of great scientists", the paper combs the thoughts and explorations on scientific and technological innovation of several famous scientists (Peng Huanwu, Yang Zhenning, Zhou Guangzhao, Hao Bailin, Tsung-Dao Lee and Feng Duan).

Through literature collection and qualitative research, this paper studies Zhan Tianyou's patriotism and national spirit in his childhood and life-long career. The research shows that Zhan, in his high position and weight, adhered to the principles of honesty, unselfishness, non-corruption and wholeheartedness for the country, which sparked many touching and far-reaching light of the rise of the Chinese nation. Under the background of globalization and the new era, in the tide of rejuvenating the country through science and technology and combating corruption, Zhan's spirits are worthy of learning and praising by the whole society.

The frequency-hopping technology was invented by Hedy Lamarr, based on the principle of the auto-playing piano, which enables the transmission of signals from both the receiver and the sender to jump synchronously and separately on a set of pre-specified frequencies according to the sequence specified in the coding sequence, thus spreading the spectrum and realizing the communication. From the perspective of the creative thinking, Hedy Lamarr's technological innovation can be described in four steps:the contact spread spectrum, the inspiration source, the principle design, and the principle application. It is suggested that the scientific imagination plays a fundamental and key role in the Hedy Lamarr's innovation. The scientific imagination can be regarded as an illogical manifestation of the creative thinking, which not only provides new ideas for the "bottleneck" problem of the technological innovation, but also provides new solutions for the "problem-solving" activity of the technological innovation.

In the research of big data, two distinct and diametrically opposed academic schools have emerged, namely radicalism and conservatism. Through an analysis of two typical cases, this article finds that the so-called "big data" actually refers to two types of "big data", one is to study data in a scientific way, and the other is to study science in a data way. It is the existence of the two types of big data that forms the two camps of activism and conservatism. The types of big data and their significant difference are the reasons of the formation of radicalism and conservatism camps. On the basis of summarizing the characteristics of the two kinds of big data, this paper puts forward the only approach that may eliminate the antagonism and confusion and push the big data research further.

From a perspective of history and philosophy of science, the study done by Chinese scholars on historical contributions of Francis Crick is interpreted in the paper. First of all, through literature research, the Chinese understanding and interpretation of Crick's scientific research achievements is revealed. A series of commemorative articles and DNA activities in science and technology museums reflect the academic community's memory of "Crick and Watson's intelligence contributions to humankind" and enhance Crick's recognition and popularity from the academic circle to the public's vision. It is pointed out that the Chinese versions of Crick's monographs, especially the translated versions of "Amazing Hypothesis", show the degree of Chinese scholars' preference for Crick's works, and the Crick's interactions with China demonstrate the cosmopolitan style of his scientific research.

Liapunov A M, as the mainstay of the St. Petersburg School of Mathematics, founded the theory of stability of motion, and the theory of equilibrium shape of rotating liquid masses and the qualitative theory of differential equations, explored the central limit theorem of probability theory and a series of other profound mathematical and mechanical topics. He made outstanding contributions for Russia to become the world scientific and technological power. By collecting Liapunov's touching love and the goal of aesthetic science, this paper demonstrates his scientific world outlook and philosophy.

During the early stage of China's particle physics, as the construction of high-energy accelerator lagged behind China could only ‘talk on paper’ in theoretical research, and ‘depend on Heaven for food to eat’ in cosmic ray research or ‘find shelter under other's roof’ in international cooperation. The establishment of the Multinational Joint Nuclear Research Institute in Dubna created a good opportunity for the development of high energy physics in China. The discovery of anti-sigma negative hyperon left a thick and colorful mark in the history of physics in China. The series of scientific achievements by Chinese scholars in Dubna laid an important knowledge and talent foundation for the development of subatomic physics in China.

2020 is the 90th anniversary of the birth of King-Sun Fu, the father of the pattern recognition and a world-renowned scientist in artificial intelligence and machine vision. This paper recalls the legendary life of Professor Fu, tells many of his touching stories, as well as his scientific thought and spirit, and evaluates his outstanding contributions to the disciplines of pattern recognition and machine intelligence.

The "artificial sperm" can carry the genetic information of a haploid genome, to fuse with an egg cell and to be developed into a semi clonal individual. In this paper, the technical principle, the main development process and the applications of this cutting-edge technology are reviewed.

This paper suggests that in the early stage of the fund application, researchers should build up academic strengths, carefully select the topic, fully understand the application requirements, and make clear of detailed applications. It is indicated that particular attentions should be paid on the project title, the application code, the key words, the abstracts both in Chinese and English, the list of major participants, and the budget tables. The main text of the application should be prepared based on the structured sections provided by the Foundation Committee, with the writing strategies to be adopted and recommended by most reviewers. By analyzing the problems observed during the management of grant applications, this paper has summarized the common pitfalls in the proposal writing.

Academician Yu Min is the chief contributor to the China's breakthrough in the principle of hydrogen bombs. He is also an important engineering management expert and strategic consulting expert in the field of research and development of nuclear weapons in China. In the long-term work on the national defense research and management, he forms a unique style of national defense scientific research， such as the pursuit of national defense for a lifetime, a clear orientation towards the military demands, the focus on practical problems in national defense, a solid foundation in research, and the materialistic dialectical thinking through the science research.