国家的科技创新成效与其科技体制有重要关系。评判科技体制的优劣，往往需要使用科技体制比较观。传统的两大科技体制比较观——“外国坐标”比较观和“中国本位”比较观均只就科技体制本身而论，忽略了不同国家的文化差异，因而给评判结果带来误差。“文化簇”的新比较观对评判中国科技体制更加适用。高度集中的科技体制与中国大一统的历史传统、社会主义革命和建设时期的科技成就具有紧密关联性。国家重点支持的、大规模集中的科学体制是与现代科技特征相适应的体制，是现阶段中国深化科技体制改革、实施非对称赶超战略的重要举措。

Focusing on the implementation of the National Medium- and Long-Term Program for the Development of Science and Technology (2006-2020), a comparative analysis of the science, technology and innovation levels of China and major innovative countries is conducted from six dimensions including R&D funding, R&D personnel, papers, patents, knowledge-intensive industries, and innovators. The great progress that China has made for the past 15 years is summarized. China has become the world's second largest R&D investment country, the number of highly cited scholars has jumped to the second place in the world. The numbers of highly cited papers, applied and granted patents have grown rapidly to the top in the world, the scale of knowledge-intensive industries and their exports have maintained rapid growth. On the other hang gaps and deficiencies in China's R&D investment structure, top talents, technological competitiveness, etc are revealed. The R&D intensity has not exceeded the critical point of 2.5% and the proportion of basic research investment is still significantly low. The number of R&D researchers is small and the growth is very slow. The proportion of corporate R&D personnel has generally shown a slight-downward trend. In terms of patent quality, there is still a significant gap between China and the United States, Japan, Germany and South Korea. Innovation activities are still limited to a few companies and innovative leading companies are scarce. Several suggestions are proposed in terms of diversified investment, talent training and gathering, effective supply of core technologies, and equal attention on quantity and quality indicators.

Science and technology are the primary productive forces and the decisive factors in our economic and social development and in winning international competition. With the increasingly fierce global competition in science and technology, increasing and optimizing national investment in science and technology research and development has become the common strategic orientation of the world's major powers. China's science and technology industry has developed rapidly, but compared with the requirements of building the world's science and technology power, shortcomings are still outstanding. Therefore it is of great significance to the construction of China's national science and technology innovation system to make an in-depth study of the trends of input and output of R&D in developed countries and to accurately judge the characteristics of China's science and technology R&D. This paper focuses on 7 countries with the largest R&D investment in the world and analyzes R&D amount, intensity and structure, sources of funding and directions of use, researcher numbers in these countries during the past 10 years, as well as the number of papers, number of highly cited papers, Category Normalized Citation Impact, patent, knowledge-technology-intensive industry and other representative output indicators. The purpose of the research is to judge the trend of global science and technology development and to find out the direction of China's science and technology development. Finally, the study proposes to optimize the structure of research and development investment, increase the investment in basic research, enhance the influence of output, and increase the strength of scientific and technological talent team building.

Since the 16th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, the goal of building a well-off society in China has been achieved in stages from reaching a well-off level in general to building a well-off society in an all-round way. Accordingly, higher education has achieved a quantitative development from massive higher education to universal higher education, and begun to shift from extensional development to connotative development in qualitative aspects. At the same time, higher education has also played a powerful role in promoting the realization of various national strategies during the period of building a well-off society in terms of talent team construction, cultivation of innovative personnel, scientific research and development, excellent cultural inheritance, and transformation of scientific and technological achievements and other aspects. The transformation of the main social contradictions in the country poses new challenges to the development of higher education. Higher education should further strengthen its connotative development, focus on the fundamentals of talent cultivation, realize balanced regional development of higher education, and improve the driving force for higher education innovation.

Since the 18th CPC National Congress, transportation poverty alleviation has entered a new stage and transportation plus industry poverty alleviation has become an important direction. The mode of transportation plus industry poverty alleviation is a characteristic poverty alleviation mode. It fully integrates the experience of transportation poverty alleviation and industry poverty alleviation, promotes the development of transportation infrastructure, transportation service, management and other elements in poor areas, pays attention to the integration of the first, second and third industries in poor areas, and realizes positive interactions between transportation supporting industry and industry promoting transportation. In the "14th five year plan", we need to change from service support to poverty alleviation in poverty-stricken areas, turn to service support for rural comprehensive revitalization, and turn to continuously cultivate endogenous driving force for economic and social development in underdeveloped areas. Underdeveloped areas should pay attention to the development modes of transportation plus rural logistics, transportation plus leisure tourism, transportation plus resource development, transportation plus internet, transportation ‘new infrastructure’ plus industry, etc.