With the development of precision medicine, tumor markers have been paid more and more attention by researchers, and their understanding has gradually made a breakthrough. The research content of tumor markers has been gradually expanded to tumor markers based on tumor genome and chromosomal variations, liquid biopsy, epigenetics and metabolomics; moreover, tumor marker-related detection technologies have developed rapidly, including liquid biopsy, high-throughput gene sequencing, single-cell sequencing and other new technologies; furthermore, with the continuous development of these new high-technologies, tumor marker detection has achieved a breakthrough from single detection to multi-factor combined detection; finally, in clinical practice, tumor marker detection has played an important role in early tumor screening and diagnosis, guiding tumor treatment and predicting efficacy as well as predicting tumor recurrence, metastasis and prognosis, which is of great significance to improve the quality of cancer diagnosis and treatment, and fully realize precision medicine.

This article expounds the involvement of subunits encoded by DNA polymerase (POLE) and DNA polymerase delta 1 (POLD1) in DNA replication and proofreading, summarizes the effects of POLE/POLD1 mutations on tumor mutation load and intratumoral immune cell infiltration, and reviews the research progress of POLE/POLD1 mutations in immunotherapy of endometrial cancer, colorectal cancer and lung cancer. This article also discusses the challenges faced by POLE/POLD1 mutations as potential molecular markers for the predicting efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors.

Nanoselenium, as a new type of elemental selenium, has higher bioavailability, stronger biological activity and lower toxicity than organic selenium and inorganic selenium, and simultaneously has anti-oxidant and anti-tumor effects. This article mainly summarizes the application progress of selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) in biomedicine, such as chemotherapy, radiotherapy, radio-chemotherapy and other clinical drugs to enhance the sensitization by SeNPs; the functionalization and targeted modification of SeNPs to enhance the anti-tumor effect; Se-nanomaterials in anti-tumor application; the toxicology of SeNPs; and the description of the industrialization research of SeNPs production. The review provides a guidance and support for the future nanoselenium production, study and research integration system.

Ferroptosis has been recently identified as the necrotic cell death marked by oxidative modification that is irondependent, and morphologically, biochemically and genetically different from other established cell deaths. More and more evidences demonstrate that ferroptosis plays an important role in cancer progression. This review summarizes recent advances in the study of the regulatory mechanisms in ferroptosis, mainly divided into classical and non-classical ferroptosis-inducing processes, and the function of ROS and non-coding RNAs in the regulation of ferroptosis. The relationship between ferroptosis and tumors is highlighted, including the involvement of tumor suppressors, hypoxia-inducible factors, NRF2 and cell epithelialmesenchymal transformation status in regulation of ferroptosis sensitivity, use of ferroptosis to target tumors, and development of four classes of ferroptosis inducers: types I, II, III and IV. Finally, the mechanisms are summarized by which ferroptosis can be possibly regulated in cancer cells, and how to conquer the ferroptosis resistance is also prospected to eventually promote ferroptosis as a new promising way to kill therapy-resistant cancers.

Breast cancer is the leading killer to Chinese women, and the incidence is still rising. Early diagnosis and treatment is of great significance to improve the patients' care, reduce the economic burden of patients and the national health care spending. This paper mainly introduces the achievements of Professor Hao Xishan's team in building the early diagnosis and treatment system of breast cancer.

In order to analyze the differential values of platelet distribution width (PDW), mean platelet volumes (MPVs), and serum albumin (ALB) levels in thyroid cancer and benign thyroid nodules, 237 patients with thyroid cancer diagnosed in the hospital from Jan. 2016 to Sept. 2020 were selected as the study group, and 237 patients with benign thyroid nodules were selected as the control group. The PDWs, ALBs and MPVs of the two groups were observed and the clinical values of predicting thyroid cancer were evaluated. Results show that MPV and ALB of the study group are lower and PDW is higher than those of the control group, and the differences are statistically significant (P<0.05). PDW, MPV,ALB in the diagnosis of thyroid cancer AUC are not statistically significant (P > 0.05). The specificity of PDW, MPV and ALB is higher than that of PDW, MPV and ALB alone, and the sensitivity of PDW, MPV and ALB is higher than that of PDW, MPV and ALB alone. Therefore, PDW, MPV and ALB are of moderate clinical value in the differential diagnosis of benign and malignant thyroid nodules. Different combination of the three indexes is helpful to the diagnosis or exclusion of thyroid cancer.

Changes in serum hormones, carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and islet function index levels before and after insulinoma resection are explored. It is found that from day 1 to day 5 after the operation, the patients' homeostasis model assessment-β (HOMA-β) and insulin sensitivity index (ISI) decrease, insulin resistance index (homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance, HOMA-IR) and blood glucose levels increase, and CEA level increases first and then decreases. The difference is statistically significant (P<0.05). Compared with day 5 after the operation, patients' HOMA-β and ISI levels increase and HOMA-IR levels decrease from day 10 to day 15 after the operation; insulin levels are 14.16±3.06 μU/L, but significantly lower than those before the operation, the blood glucose level drops to 4.62±0.31 mmol/L, which is significantly higher than 2.12±0.59 mmol/L before the operation. There is no significant change in CEA index and the difference is not statistically significant (P>0.05). There is significant correlation between CEA level and various indicators. Pancreatic islet function indicators, serum hormones and CEA levels can cause an abnormal decrease in insulin levels and a sharp increase in blood glucose levels within a short period of time after surgery, which can be used as prognostic indicators.

To strengthen China's clinical research and technological innovation capacities，the Ministry of Science and Technology together with the National Health Commission and Medical Department of General Logistics Department initiated the National Clinical Research Center Program in 2012. Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital was designated as the National Clinical Research Center for Cancer in 2013 and has actively carried out the construction work. The article introduces the construction exploration of the National Clinical Research Center for Cancer in recent years.